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स राज्यम् गुरुणा दत्तम् प्रतिपद्याधिकम् बभौ |
दिनान्ते निहितम् तेजः सवित्रेव हुताशनः || 4-1

सः गुरुणा दत्तम् राज्यम् प्रतिपद्य दिनान्ते सवित्रा निहितम् तेजः प्रतिपद्य हुताशनः इव अधिकम् बभौ

1 . सः= he, that king रघु; गुरुणा दत्तम्= by father, given ; राज्यम्= राज्ञः कर्म=kingship ; प्रतिपद्य= on obtaining ; दिन अन्ते= at day, end of ; सवित्रा= by Sun ; निहितम्= put in, invested ; तेजः= resplendence ; प्रतिपद्य= on obtaining ; हुताशनः इव= Firegod, like ; अधिकम् बभौ= highly, shone forth.

On receiving kingship from his father रघु shone more brightly than before like Firegod who shines forth brightly when the Sun invests his radiance in him at the close of a day. [4-1]

Sun is believed to enter the Firegod at the end of the day - अग्निम् वा आदित्यः सायम् प्रविशती - श्रुति.

दिलीपानंतरम् राज्ये तम् निशंय प्रतिष्टितम् |
पूर्वम् प्रधूमितो राज्ञाम् हृदयेऽग्निरिवोत्थितः || 4-2

दिलीप अनंतरम् राज्ये प्रतिष्टितम् तम् निशंय पूर्वम् राज्ञाम् हृदये प्रधूमितः अग्निः इव उत्थितः

2 . दिलीप अनंतरम्= dilIpa, in succession to ; राज्ये प्रतिष्टितम्= in kingdom, established ; तम्= him ; निशंय= on hearing ; पूर्वम्= earlier - during the reign of dilIpa ; राज्ञाम्= kings - of that time ; हृदये= in hearts - of those other kings ; प्र धूमितः= highly fuming, smouldering ; अग्निः इव= fire, like - resentment ; उत्थितः= spurted out, blazed up.

On hearing that रघु is established in kingship in succession to his father dilIpa, the fire of jealousy so far smouldering in the hearts of other kings belonging to the regime of dilIpa blazed up. [4-2]

पुरुहूतध्वजस्येव तस्योन्नयनसंसक्तयः |
नवाभ्युत्थानदर्शिन्यो ननंदुः सप्रजाः प्रजाः || 4-3

पुरूहत ध्वजस्य इव तस्य नव अभ्युत्थान दर्शिन्यः उत् अयन संसक्तयः स प्रजाः प्रजाः ननंदुः

3 . पुरुहूत ध्वजस्य इव= इन्द्र स्, flag, as with ; तस्य= his, रघु's ; नव अभ्युत्थान दर्शिन्यः= new, advancement, who have seen ; उत् नयन संसक्तयः= upturned, eyes, having - goggled with eager eyes - ardently observed; स प्रजाः= with, their offspring; प्रजाः ननंदुः=subjects, are gladdened.

As with people gazing with upturned eyes at the flag hoisted every year praying इन्द्र for good rains in the Flag-Festival of इन्द्र, the subjects of that kingdom along with their progeny are gladdened to ardently observe the new advancement made by the newly installed king रघु. [4-3]

सममेव समाक्रान्तम् द्वयम् द्विरदगामिना |
तेन सिंहासनम् पित्र्य मखिलम् चारिमण्डलम् || 4-4
द्विरद गामिना तेन समम् एव पित्र्यम् सिंहासन अखिलम् अरि मण्डलम् च द्वयम् समाक्रान्तम्

4 . द्विरद= द्वौ रदौ=two teethed, two tusked one - elephant ; गामिना= one who strides / one who rides elephant ; तेन= by him - by रघु; समम् एव= युगपत् एव=immediately, all at once ; पित्र्यम् सिंहासन= patrilineal , throne ; अखिलम् अरि मण्डलम् च= entire, enemy, host of, also ; द्वयम्= these two ; समाक्रान्तम्= got under control.

As soon as he assumed kinghood that raghu with the majestic gait of a lordly elephant brought two things under his control all at once: one - his patrilineal throne; the other - whole host of his enemies. [4-4]

च्छायामण्डललख्येण तमदृश्या किल स्वयम् |
पद्मा पद्मातपत्रेण भेजे साम्राज्यदीक्षितम् || 4-5

पद्मा स्वयम् अदृश्या किल च्छाया मण्डल लख्येण पद्म आतपत्रेण साम्राज्य दीक्षितम् तम् भेजे

5 . पद्मा= goddess of fortune - lakshmi ; स्वयम्= herself, personally ; अदृश्या किल= invisible, being so ; च्छाया मण्डल लक्ष्येण= luminescence, halo, recognisable - recognisable by a halo of luminance ; पद्म आतपत्रेण= पद्मम एव आतात्रम् - lotus, as umbrella - lotus held in the hand of lakshmi itself becoming an umbrella over रघु; साम्राज्य दीक्षितम्= in imperial status, one who is anointed ; तम्= him - रघु; भेजे= [that lakshmi] adored [him.]

On the anointment of रघु to imperial status the goddess of fortune namely लक्ष्मि waited on him holding her handheld lotus as an umbrella over him, and though she personally remained in an invisible form she is recognisable by her luminescent halo spread around him. [4-5]

परिकल्पितसानिध्या काले काले च वन्दिषु |
स्तुत्यम् स्तुतिभि रर्थ्याभि रुपतस्थे सरस्वती || 4-6

सरस्वती च काले काले वन्दिषु परिकल्पित सानिध्या स्तुत्यम् [तम्=him - रघु;] अर्थ्याभिः स्तुतिभिः उपतस्थे

6 . सरस्वती च= सरस्वति, also ; काले काले= from time to time ; वन्दिषु= in eulogisers ; परिकल्पित सानिध्या= who is made to, in proximity - who stationed herself in the proximity of bards, who remained on their tongues ; स्तुत्यम्= one who is praise worthy; [ तम्= him - रघु;] अर्थ्याभिः स्तुतिभिः=meaningful, encomiums ; उपतस्थे= praised.

The goddess of speech or learning सरस्वति too has also placed herself on the tongues of eulogists, through them she eulogised that praiseworthy रघु with meaningful encomiums at appropriate times. [4-6]

The popular notion is that wealth and learning cannot coexist, but the case of रघु is an exception.

मनुप्रभुतिर्मान्यैर्भुक्ता यद्यपि राजभिः |
तथाप्यनन्यपूर्वेव तस्मिन्नासीद्वसुंधरा || 4-7

मनु प्रभृतिभिः मान्यैः भुक्ता यद्यपि राजभिः तथा अपि अनन्य पूर्वा इव तस्मिन् आसीत् वसुन्धरा

7 . वसुन्धरा= earth ; मनु प्रभृतिभिः= manu, beginning with ; मान्यैः= by honoured ; राजभिः= by kings ; भुक्ता यदि अपि= enjoyed, even, if ; तथा अपि= even, so ; तस्मिन्= in him, in his respect, रघु's respect ; अनन्य पूर्वा इव= without, earlier, as if - as if earth is un-enjoyed by earlier kings ; आसीत्= has become - earth became brand-new for रघु.

Although many honoured kings right from मनु have enjoyed earth as lords of the land, the earth has become brand-new as if hitherto she had no other lord excepting for रघु. [4-7]

स हि सर्वस्य लोकस्य युक्तदण्डतया मनः |
आददे नातिशीतोष्णो नभस्वानिव दक्षिणः || 4-8

स हि सर्वस्य लोकस्य युक्त दण्डतया मनः आददे न अति शीत उष्णः नभस्वान् इव दक्षिणः

8 . हि= उयस्मात् कारणात् - because, indeed ; सः युक्त दण्डतया= he that रघु, with befitting, punishment - according such punishments ; न अति शीत उष्णः= not. much, cold, hot ; दक्षिणः नभस्वान् इव= southern, breeze, like ; सर्वस्य लोकस्य= of all, world - of all people ; मनः आददे= heart, attracted.

Because रघु used to accord adequate punishments he won the hearts of all people just like southern breeze which is neither very hot nor very cold. [4-8]

The words तु, च, हि, ह are usually employed to fill the metre. But poets employ them with specific purposes occasionally - हि पाद पूरणे हेतौ विशेषेऽपि अवधारणे | प्रश्ने हेत्वपदेशे च संभ्रमासूययोरपि - मेदिनि.

मन्दोत्कण्ठाः कृतास्तेन गुणाधिकतया गुरौ |
फलेन सहकारस्य पुष्पोद्गम इव प्रजाः || 4-9

मन्द उत्कण्ठाः कृताः तेन गुण अधिकतया गुरौ फलेन सहकारस्य पुष्प उद्गम इव प्रजाः

9 . तेन= by him, by रघु; गुण अधिकतया= qualities / virtues, by superiority of ; प्रजाः= people ; गुरौ= regarding father - dilIpa ; सहकारस्य फलेन= of mango tree, when fruited ; पुष्प उद्गमे इव= regarding flowers, coming out, as with ; मन्द उत्कण्ठाः कृताः= slow, in enthusiasm, [people are] made.

रघु made people less enthusiastic towards his father dilIpa owing to his own superior virtues, as there would be less enthusiasm about the blossom of a mango tree when it is already fruited with fruits bearing higher qualities than those quondam blossoms. [4-9]

नयविद्भिर्नवे राज्ञि सदसच्चोपदर्शितम् |
पूर्व एवाभवत्पक्षस्तस्मिन्नाभवदुत्तरः || 4-10

नय विद्भिः नवे राज्ञि सत् असत् च उपदर्शितम् पूर्वः एव अभवत् पक्षः तस्मिन् न अभवत् उत्तरः

10 . नय विद्भिः= in politics, experts ; नवे राज्ञि= [in respect of] new, king ; सत्= dharma yuddhAdikam=fair tactics ; अ+सत् च= not, fair, tactics, also ; उपदर्शितम्= are shown - are taught ; तस्मिन्= in him, in रघु; पूर्वः पक्षः एव= first, side - categroy - fair tactics, alone ; अभवत्= became - the line of action ; उत्तरः= later one - unfair practice ; न अभवत्= not, happened - he did not undertake.

Experts in politics have placed before the king both fair as well as unfair tactics of kingcraft, but the former alone became the line of action for रघु but not the latter. [4-10]

पञ्चानामपि भूतानामुत्कर्षं पुपुषुर्गुणाः |
नवे तस्मिन्महीपाले सर्वं नवमिवाभवत् || 4-11

पञ्चानाम् अपि भूतानाम् उत्कर्षं पुपुषुः गुणाः नवे तस्मिन् मही पाले सर्वं नवम् इव अभवत्

11 . पञ्चानाम् भूतानाम् अपि= of five, subtle elements, even - earth, water, fire, air, space ; गुणाः= qualities - of five elements like sound, touch, form, taste, smell ; उत्कर्षं पुपुषुः= excellence, nourished - they acquired ; तस्मिन् नवे मही पाले [सति]=थत् रघु, नेव्, लन्द्, लोर्द् [ओन् बेचोमिन्ग्]; सर्वं नवम् इव अभवत्= everything, new, as though, became.

Even the qualities of all the five subtle elements have acquired a greater excellence while the new king रघु took charge of regime, and everything became, as it were, afresh. [4-11]

यथा प्रह्लादनाच्चन्द्रः प्रतापात्तपनो यथा |
तथैव सोऽभूदन्वर्थो राजा प्रकृतिरञ्जनात् || 4-12

यथा प्रह्लादनात् चन्द्रः प्रतापात् तपनः यथा तथा एव सः अभूत् अन्वर्थः राजा प्रकृति रञ्जनात्

12 . यथा= as to how ; चन्द्रः= moon ; प्रह्लादनात्= प्रकीर्णेन आह्लादनम्, तस्मात्=by creating extreme pleasure ; अन्वर्थः= अर्थम् अनुगतः=meaning included in title - true to his name / title ; यथा= as to how ; प्रतापात्= by creating excessive heat ; तपनः= sun ; अन्वर्थः= true to his name ; तथा एव= like that, only ; सः राजा= he, that king रघु; प्रकृति= a host of subordinates and subjects of a king - generally people, ; रञ्जनात्= by satisfying ; अन्वर्थः= true to name [as king] ; अभूत्= he became.

As to how the moon for creating extreme pleasure with his moonbeams, and the sun for creating extreme heat with his sunbeams are true to their names, likewise रघु too became the king in the real sense of that word राज - in consequence of his satisfying all his subjects. [4-12]

He became king in the real sense of the word on account of his pleasing disposition towards the subjects, as the moon (verifies the signification of its name) on account of its power to please and the sun on account of its scorching brightness. - N

Here the comparison is between - अन्वर्थ नाम रूप शब्दाः - the underlying qualities. चंदयति=आह्लादयति [who creates pleasure]= इति चन्द्रः; तपति [who scorches] इति तपनः; रञ्जयति [who satisfies one and all] इति राजाः. In this अन्वर्थ नाम रूप उपम is there. अनुगत अर्थ नाम रूप शब्द सांयेऽप्युपमा दर्शनात् - चित्रमीमांस; शब्दतो अर्थतो वा कवि सम्मत सांय प्रति पादने सर्व विधेऽपि उपम अलंकार स्वीकारात् | anythA 'yathA prahlAdanA' diti shloke.apyupamA na syAt | न ह्यत्र अन्वर्थ नाम रूप शब्द सांयम् विना किंचित् अर्थ सांयम् कवि विवक्षितम् अस्ति - कुवलयानंदम्

कामं कर्णान्तविश्रान्ते विशाले तस्य लोचने |
चक्षुष्मत्ता तु शास्त्रेण सूक्ष्मकार्यार्थदर्शिना || 4-13

कामं कर्ण अन्त विश्रान्ते विशाले तस्य लोचने चक्षुष्मत्ता तु शास्त्रेण सूक्ष्म कार्य अर्थ दर्शिना

13 . विशाले= broad ones ; तस्य लोचने= his, eyes ; कामं= an inde. signifying a forced admission - granted, albeit etc; कर्ण अन्त विश्रान्ते= ears, at end, resting - eyes resting on the edges of ears - very broad eyes ; चक्षुष्मत्ता= he who is having a pair of physical eyes ; तु= a disjunctive particle, to show difference - between physical eyes and insightful eyes ; सूक्ष्म कार्य अर्थ दर्शिना= smallest, action's, purport, indicator [is scripture alone] ; शास्त्रेण= thru scriptures.

रघु possessed a function of insightful discernment through his mental eyes than through his physical eyes, albeit his physical eyes are very broad and span up to the edge of his ears, because his scriptural knowledge alone indicated his perspicacity of smallest things. [4-13]

Granted that his large eyes extended up to the extremities of his ears ( lit. rested at the borders of his ears); the posses sion of an eye, however, was through the शास्त्र, showing subtle purposes to be achieved. - N

लब्धप्रशमनस्वस्थमथैनं समुपस्थिता |
पार्थिवश्रीर्द्वितीयेव शरत्पङ्कजलक्षणा || 4-14

लब्ध प्रशमन स्वस्थम् अथ एनं समुपस्थिता पार्थिव श्रीः द्वितीया इव शरत् पङ्कज लक्षणा

14 . अथ= then ; लब्ध= of that which is obtained - kingdom from father ; प्रशमन= proper settlement - by conquering enemies etc ; स्वस्थम्= who secured ease ; एनं= him, रघु; पङ्कज लक्षणा= lotuses, which are its indicators ; शरत्= such autumnal season ; द्वितीया पार्थिव श्रीः इव= second, regal, splendour, as with ; समुपस्थिता= neared him.

Then the autumnal season which will have bloomed lotuses as her indicators has approached रघु as if she is the second regal splendour, while he remained at ease with the first regal splendour, namely the kingdom he obtained from his father, after proper settlement of hostilities. [4-14]

निर्वृष्टलघुभिर्मेघैर्मुक्तवर्त्मा सुदुःसहः |
प्रतापस्तस्य भानोश्च युगपद्व्यानशे दिशः || 4-15

निर्वृष्ट लघुभिः मेघैः मुक्त वर्त्मा सुदुःसहः प्रतापः तस्य भानोः च युगपत् व्यानशे दिशः

15 . निर्+वृष्ट= completely rained ; लघुभिः= lightened ; मेघैः= with clouds ; मुक्त वर्त्मा= released, path - skyways cleared by clouds ; थेरेफ़ोरे; सु+दुः+सहः= very, highly, unbearable ; तस्य= his - रघु's ; भानोः च= of sun, also ; प्रतापः= resplendence - of रघु and Sun ; युगपत्= in a trice ; दिशः व्यानशे= to all directions, spread.

Clouds have lightened after raining thoroughly and they are clearing from the skyways making way to the heat of the sun, and thus the highly unbearable resplendence of both sun and रघु is spreading in all quarters of the earth during this season. [4-15]

The शरत् ऋतु is the season for the conquests of kings.

वार्षिकं संजहारेन्द्रो धनुर्जैत्रं रघुर्दधौ |
प्रजार्थसाधने तौ हि पर्यायोद्यतकार्मुकौ || 4-16

वार्षिकं संजहार इन्द्रःधनुः जैत्रं रघुः दधौ प्रज अर्थ साधने तौ हि पर्याय उद्यत कार्मुकौ

16 . इन्द्रः= इन्द्र स्; वार्षिकं= वर्ष निमित्तम्=for the rains ; धनुः= bow - a bow that causes rain, say rainbow of इन्द्र स्; संजहार= उपसंहृतवान्=withdrew ; रघुः= रघु; जैत्रं= जय शीलम्=conquering; [ धनुः= bow] ; दधौ= he sported - wielded ; हि= why because ; तौ= those two इन्द्र and रघु; प्रज अर्थ साधने= in people's, purposes, to achieve - to achieve welfare of people ; पर्याय= पर्यायेण= one after the other ; उद्यत कार्मुकौ= upraised, bows.

इन्द्र withdrew his rainbow that is upraised for rains when रघु wielded his which has a conquering nature, thus both of them have raised their bows one after the other only for the achievement of the good for the people. [4-16]

पुण्डरीकातपत्रस्तं विकसत्काशचामरः |
ऋतुर्विडम्बयामास न पुनः प्राप तच्छ्रियम् || 4-17

पुण्डरीक अतपत्रः तम् विकसत् काश चामरः ऋतुः विडम्बयामास न पुनः प्राप तत् श्रियम्

17 . पुण्डरीक= white lotuses ; अतपत्रः= as its umbrella ; विकसत् काश= bloomed, kAsha plants - long stemmed plants with fur like white apices generally growing on riverbanks ; चामरः= having such fanning instruments ; ऋतुः= the season - autumn ; तम्= him - रघु; विडम्बयामास= started to mimic, imitate ; तत् श्रियम्= that, regal splendour [of raghu]; पुनः= but, however ; न प्राप= not, got - season has not got that regal splendour.

With white lotuses as its royal umbrella and with swaying long-stalked grass with white fur-like flower-beds as its royal fanning instruments the autumn has started to imitate the majesty of रघु, but autumn could never come up to रघु's regal splendour. [4-17]

Here the u.me - king रघु; u.mA - शरत् ऋतु autumn; रघु is given more prominence than शरत् ऋतु - autumn. As such it may tend to become - vyatireka ala.nkAra also. उपमानात् अदन्यस्य, व्यतिरेक स्स एव सः | अन्यस्य - उपमेयस्य; व्यतिरेकः - आधिक्यम्; describing upameya more than upamAna tends to become व्यतिरेक अलंकार - काव्य प्रकाश.

प्रसादसुमुखे तस्मिंश्चन्द्रे च विशदप्रभे |
तदा चक्षुष्मतां प्रीतिरासीत्समरसा द्वयोः || 4-18

प्रसाद सुमुखे तस्मिन् चन्द्रे च विशद प्रभे तदा चक्षुष्मताम् प्रीतिः आसीत् सम रसा द्वयोः

18 . प्रसाद= with benignity ; सु मुखे= pro, faced ; तस्मिन्= in him, in his respect ; विशद प्रभे= clear, radiance - one having a clearly radiant orb ; चन्द्रे च= in such a moon, also ; तदा= then, during autumn ; द्वयोः= in respect of both - रघु, moon ; चक्षुष्मताम् प्रीतिः= [people having] eyes, [their] attraction ; सम रसा= equally, ardent ; आसीत्= it became.

In autumn season the attraction of those who possessed eyesight is equally ardent towards both the king रघु and the autumnal moon, as रघु is with a benignant countenance and the moon with a clearly radiant orb. [4-18]

हंसश्रेणीषु तारासु कुमुद्वत्सु च वारिषु |
विभूतयस्तदीयानां पर्यस्ता यशसामिव || 4-19

हंस श्रेणीषु तारासु कुमुद्वत्सु च वारिषु विभूतयः तदीयानां पर्यस्ता यशसाम् इव

19 . हंस श्रेणीषु= swans, among rows of ; तारासु= among stars ; कुमुद्वत्सु= having white lotuses ; वारिषु च= in [such] waters ; तदीयानां= raghu sa.mbandhinAm= रघु's ; यशसाम् विभूतयः= renown, grandeurs of ; पर्यस्ताः इव= spread out, as though.

Might it be that the grandeurs of रघु's renown is spreading over the autumnal rows of swans, stars as well as on waters full of white-lotuses. [4-19]

The immaculacy of रघु's renown is juxtaposed with the three objects which will be immaculately white.

इक्षुच्छायनिषादिन्यस्तस्य गोप्तुर्गुणोदयम् |
आकुमारकथोद्धातं शालिगोप्यो जगुर्यशः || 4-20

इक्षु च्छाय निषादिन्यः तस्य गोप्तुः गुण उदयम् आकुमार कथ उद्धातं शालि गोप्यः जगुः यशः

20 . इक्षु च्छाय निषादिन्यः= sugarcane, under shadow, those who are sitting [under the shade of crop of sugarcane] ; शालि गोप्यः= shali grain, protectors - who keep watch of that grain crop ; गोप्तुः= of protector - रघु; तस्य= his, रघु's ; गुण उदयम्= गुणेब्यः उदयम् यस्य तत् - व्याधिकरण ब्रहुव्रीहि= fame arose from his own merits. uch compound is not sanctioned by Panini but it is frequently seen in literature. In regard to such compounds vAmana remarks: अवर्ज्यो हि बहुव्रीहिर्व्याधिकरणो जन्माद्युत्तर पदः - व्याधि. बहुव्रीहि is unavoidable when the last member of the compound is a word such as जनम etc; आ+कुमार= from boyhood ; कथ उद्धातं= stories, that have a starting - stories in circulation about रघु from his boyhood . This compound may be taken adverbially to agree with जगुः - they sang, meaning that 'they sang commencing the tale of their song from raghu's boyhood; or, as an adjective agreeing with यशः =renown, meaning - the commencement of the narrative song of which even boys are aware of ; यशः जगुः= renown, they sang.

Females sitting under the shades of sugarcane crops and watching the शालि cornfields sang the fame of protector रघु recounting his deeds from his very youth, which fame arose from his own merits. [4-20]

Women appointed to watch the crops of शाली corn, shel tering themselves under the deep shade of sugarcanes, sang the glory recounting the protector's virtues, beginning with the period describing the heroic actions of his childhood. - N

प्रससादोदयादम्भः कुम्भयोनेर्महौजसः |
रघोः परिभवाशङ्कि चुक्षुभे द्विषतां मनः || 4-21

प्रससाद उदयात् अम्भः कुम्भ योनेः महा ओजसः रघोः परिभव आशङ्कि चुक्षुभे द्विषतां मनः

21 . महा ओजसः= highly, resplendent one - Agastya ; कुम्भ योनेः= kumbhaH yoniH yasya saH - he who is born from, or come out of a water pot - sage Agastya ; उदयात्= by the rise of - used in dual sense 1] rise of the star अगस्त्य; 2] rise of raghu; अम्भः= waters ; प्रससाद= became benignant - became clear and calm ; रघोः= रघु's [ उदयात्= by the rise of ] ; परिभव आशङ्कि= humiliation, those who are doubting about [such humiliation by defeat - enemies] ; द्विषतां मनः= [such] enemies, hearts of ; चुक्षुभे= distraught.

All the water became placid at the appearance of the constellation called अगस्त्य, which is nothing else than the sage-turned-star of great resplendence namely sage अगस्त्य, but the hearts of रघु s enemies became distraught apprehensive of humiliation from रघु. [4-21]

At the rise of the Pitcher-born sage of great splendour the water became clear; at the rise of Raghu the hearts of his enemies apprehending defeat got muddled (roiled). - N

अगस्त्य is said to rest in the heavens as the star Canopus belonging to the constellation Argo Navis. The time of the rising of this star is about August i.e., the latter part of the monsoon when the waters gradually loose turbidity and become clear - अगस्त्यस्योदये जलानि प्रसीदन्ति - इति श्रुतिः - KMJ

मदोदग्राः ककुद्मन्तः सरितां कूलमुद्रुजाः |
लीलाखेलमनुप्रापुर्महोक्षास्तस्य विक्रमम् || 4-22

मद उदग्राः ककुद्मन्तः सरितां कूलम् उद्रुजाः लीला खेलम् अनुप्रापुः महा उक्षाः तस्य विक्रमम्

22 . मद उदग्राः= मदेन उदग्राः=with adamance, infuriated ; ककुद्मन्तः= those that have high humps - bulls ; he who has high nape of neck - रघु; महा उक्षाः= large, bulls ; आजानुबाहुः= high statured person - रघु; सरितां कूलम्= river, banks ; उद्रुजाः= udrujanti=which dig up - bulls digging banks ; लीला खेलम्= sportively, playful ; तस्य विक्रमम्= his - रघु's, prowess ; अनुप्रापुः= received - imitated.

Adamantly infuriated large bulls with high humps while digging up the riverbanks have imitated the prowess of रघु, who is a high statured person with equally high nape of neck, and who had an amount of sportive grace in his prowess. [4-22]

प्रसवैः सप्तपर्णानां मदगन्धिभिराहताः |
असूययेव तन्नागाः सप्तधैव प्रसुस्रुवुः || 4-23

प्रसवैः सप्त पर्णानां मद गन्धिभिः आहताः असूयय इव तत् नागाः सप्तधैव प्रसुस्रुवुः

23 . मद गन्धिभिः= those that have scent like ichor scent - flowers of seven leaved banana plants ; सप्त पर्णानां= of seven leaved - banana plants ; प्रसवैः= by flowers ; आहताः= निमित्तया=beaten, touched vigorously ; तत्= his, रघु's ; नागाः= elephants ; असूयय इव= with emulation, as if ; सप्तध इव= in seven ways, as though; [madaH] prasusruvuH=[ichor] poured forth.

Touched by the ichor-scented flowers of seven-leaved banana plants रघु's elephants poured forth ichor from the seven parts of their bodies as if through emulation towards those plants. [4-23]

Elephants secrete ichor from seven parts of their body - करात् कटाभ्याम् मेढ्राच्च नेत्राभ्याम् च मद स्स्रुति - बाल काव्ये; करात् - नासा रन्ध्राभ्याम् इति अर्थः - from two nostrils, two temples, two eyes, and from penis the elephants exude ichor. In this अलन्कार is उत्प्रेक्ष.

सरितः कुर्वती गाधाः पथश्चाश्यानकर्दमान् |
यात्रायै चोदयामास तं शक्तेः प्रथमं शरत् || 4-24

सरितः कुर्वती गाधाः पथः च आश्यान कर्दमान् यात्रायै चोदयामास तं शक्तेः प्रथमं शरत्

24 . सरितः गाधाः= rivers, fordable ; पथः च= pathways, also ; आश्यान कर्दमान्= with dried up, mud ; कुर्वती= while making ; शरत्= autumn season ; तं= him, रघु; शक्तेः= उत्साह शकेतेः=incitement ; प्रथमं= firstly ; यात्रायै= दिग्विज यात्रायै=for conquests ; चोदयामास= started to encourage.

The autumnal season which made rivers fordable and pathways passable with dried up mud has incited रघु to undertake expeditions of conquests even before his personal enthusiasm incited him to do so. [4-24]

तस्मै संयग्घुतो वह्निर्वाजिनीराजनाविधौ |
प्रदक्षिणार्चिर्व्याजेन हस्तेनेव जयं ददौ || 4-25

तस्मै संयक् हुतः वह्निः वाजि नीराजना विधौ प्रदक्षिण अर्चिः व्याजेन हस्तेन इव जयं ददौ

25 . वाजि= of horses ; नीराजना= नीरस्य आजना=ceremony of lustration of military arms, now of horses, before setting out a military campaign ; विधौ= in that process of lustration ; संयक् हुतः वह्निः= very well, fed, Ritual-fire ; प्रदक्षिण अर्चिः व्याजेन= to right, its tongues of flame, on the pretext of ; हस्तेन इव= with hands, as though= with one's own hands, of Ritual-fire ; तस्मै= to him, to रघु; जयं ददौ= victory, gave.

In the lustration ceremony of the battle horses of रघु the well-fed Ritual-fire swirled his tongues to the right, by which good omen it appeared as though the Ritual-fire himself is conferring victory on रघु with his own hands. [4-25]

The sacrificial fire, duly ( well or full ) fed (lit. sacrificed) in the lustration ceremony ( called नीराजन ) of hiss horses, gave vic tory to him with hiss hand as it were, under the pretext of his flame turning towards the right. -N

स गुप्तमूलप्रत्यन्तः शुद्धपार्ष्णिरयान्वितः |
षड्विधं बलमादाय प्रतस्थे दिग्जिगीषया || 4-26
स गुप्त मूल प्रत्यन्तः शुद्ध पार्ष्णिः अय अन्वितः षड्विधं बलम् आदाय प्रतस्थे दिक् जिगीषया

26 . गुप्त= protected ; मूल= [his own] base - his own metropolis, capital ; प्रत्यन्तः= borderlands with fortresses ; शुद्ध= well protected - by army ; पार्ष्णिः= rear end - whose rear end is well protected by army ; अय= शुभावहो विधिः - good luck obtained by propitiating deities ; अन्वितः= having - such good luck ; सः= he that रघु; षड्विधं बलम्= six-fold, army ; आदाय= on taking ; दिक् जिगीषया= quarters, to triumph over ; प्रतस्थे= set out.

On protecting his capital and borderlands with fortresses and attended by good luck owing to his propitiating gods, रघु set out taking a six-fold army with a well-protecting rear-guard with him, only with the intention of bringing all the quarters under his own subjection,.

The six-fold army is: मौलाः - those that are highborn and hereditary servants; भृत्याः - paid servants; सुहृदाः - well-disposed troops, allies; श्रेणयः - mercenary bands of soldiers taken up on the occasion; द्विषदः - hostile people - enemically disposed towards him against whom a campaign is undertaken, or those who have been won over from the enemy's camp; आटविकाः - foresters.

अवाकिरन्वयोवृद्धास्तं लाजैः पौरयोषितः |
पृषतैर्मन्दरोद्भूतैः क्षीरोर्मय इवाच्युतम् || 4-27

अवाकिरन् वयो वृद्धाः तं लाजैः पौर योषितः पृषतैः मन्दर उद्धूतैः क्षीर ऊर्मय इव अच्युतम्

27 . वयो वृद्धाः= by age, elderly - women, matrons ; पौर योषितः= city, ladies ; तं= him, रघु; लाजैः= with fried grain ; मन्दर उद्धूतैः= by मन्दर mountain, tossed up ; पृषतैः क्षीर ऊर्मयः= sprays, of Milk, waves - of Milky Ocean of Vishnu ; अच्युतम् इव= Achyuta [Vishnu,] as with ; अवाकिरन्= besprinkled - on रघु.

As a mark of auspiciousness the matrons in the city of रघु have sprinkled fried grain over him when he set out on campaign, as with Mt. मन्दर once sprinkled the sprays from the Milky Ocean on अच्युत, namely विष्णु. [4-27]

स ययौ प्रथमं प्राचीं तुल्यः प्राचीनबर्हिषा |
अहिताननिलोद्धूतैस्तर्जयन्निव केतुभिः || 4-28

स ययौ प्रथमं प्राचीं तुल्यः प्राचीन बर्हिषा अहितान् अनिल उद्धूतैः तर्जयन् इव केतुभिः

28 . प्राचीन बर्हिषा= इन्द्रेण=with इन्द्र स्; तुल्यः= he who equals - रघु with इन्द्र; सः= he that रघु; अनिल उद्धूतैः केतुभिः= by wind, tossed up, with [his] banners ; अ+हितान्= un, friendly ones - enemies ; तर्जयन् इव= threatening, as though ; प्रथमं= firstly ; प्राचीम्= to east ; ययौ= travelled - रघु set out.

रघु being the coequal of इन्द्र firstly marched towards East terrifying his enemies just with his own banners that are tossed up by the speed of wind. [4-28]

This and next verse are, of course, एक अन्वय - parsed together. The word 'तर्जयन्' is much explained by मल्लिनथ bringing वमन'स् rule position etc. Later time translators have also said much. This word can be found in Valmiki Ramayana, Kishkindha, 1, as it is, when Rama exclaims that Ashoka trees are 'threatening' him.

रजोभिः स्यन्दनोद्धूतैर्गजैश्च घनसंनिभैः |
भुवस्तलमिव व्योम कुर्वन्व्योमेव भूतलम् || 4-29

रजोभिः स्यन्दन उद्धूतैः गजैः च घन संनिभैः भुवः तलम् इव व्योम कुर्वन् व्योम इव भूतलम्

29 . स्यन्दन उद्धूतैः रजोभिः= by chariots, upraised, by dust ; घन संनिभैः गजैः च= clouds, similar, by elephants, also ; व्योम भुवः तलम् इव= sky, earth's, surface, as though ; भू तलम् व्योम इव= earth's, surface, sky, as with ; कुर्वन्= on making; [saH yayau=he, travelled.]

Covering the sky with masses of dust raised by his chariots, and the earth with massy elephants that look like massive clouds, रघु made the sky to look like the surface of earth, and the surface of earth to look like the sky when he marched on. [4-29]

मल्लिनथ explained this in three ways in माघ, 1.21, viz., by colour, action, and size. The colour of clouds is dark so is that of रघु's elephants; 2] clouds discharge water in showers, so do elephants send forth rut; 3] the clouds are massive, so are the well-fed elephants of the king - KMJ.

प्रतापोऽग्रे ततः शब्दः परागस्तदनन्तरम् |
ययौ पश्चाद्रथादीति चतुःस्कन्धेव सा चमूः || 4-30

प्रतापः अग्रे ततः शब्दः परागः तत् अनन्तरम् ययौ पश्चात् रथ आदि इति चतुः स्कन्धा इव सा चमूः

30 . अग्रे= firstly ; प्रतापः= [ रघु's] valour - terror of his name - travelled ; ततः= then ; शब्दः= noise - of the army ; तत् अनन्तरम्= that, later to - then, afterwards ; परागः= dust - raised by the fleet ; पश्चात्= later ; रथ आदि= chariots, et cetara ; इति= thus ; चतुः स्कन्धा इव= having four, divisions, as if - army with four divisions ; सा चमूः ययौ= that, army, proceeded.

Ahead went the terror of रघु's name, then the noise of the fleet, thereafter the dust raised by it, then the chariots etc regulars - all these have advanced as though these are the four copses of that army. [4-30]

Usually the fourfold division of ancient Indian army is with 729 elephants, 729 chariots, 2187 horses, and 3645 footsoldiers. But the poet instead of accepting this fourfold division says 'the prowess of रघु, which was already well known was one, the second was the din of the approaching large army, the third was the dust raised by the march and the fourth was the actual army' comprising all the different usual sections taken collectively - KMJ

मरुपृष्ठान्युदम्भांसि नाव्याः सुप्रतरा नदीः |
विपिनानि प्रकाशानि शक्तिमत्त्वाच्चकार सः || 4-31

मरु पृष्ठानि उत् अम्भांसि नाव्याः सुप्रतराः नदीः विपिनानि प्रकाशानि शक्तिमत्त्वात् चकार सः

31 . सः= he that रघु; शक्तिमत्त्वात्= being a capable one having ample resources - annotators take this word as one with supernatural powers ; मरु पृष्ठानि= desert, lands - arid tracts ; उत् अम्भांसि= udgatAni a.mbhAnsi yeSu tAni - with upsurged, water - water sprang forth on lands ; चकार= he made ; नाव्याः= navigable by boats ; नदीः= such rivers ; सु प्र तराः= सुखेन प्रतर्तुम् शक्याः=as easily fordable ones ; चकार= he made ; विपिनानि प्रकाशानि= forests, well-lit - cleared forests so as the passages are well-lit ; चकार= he made.

रघु made arid tracts into lands swelling with waters, navigable rivers into easily fordable ones, and deep forests as well-lit open tracts with his ample resources. [4-31]

स सेनां महतीं कर्षन्पूर्वसागरगामिनीम् |
बभौ हरजटाभ्रष्टां गङ्गामिव भगीरथः || 4-32

सः सेनां महतीं कर्षन् पूर्व सागर गामिनीम् बभौ हर जटा भ्रष्टां गङ्गाम् इव भगीरथः

32 . महतीं सेनां= a vast, army ; पूर्व सागर गामिनीम्= east, ocean, which is going ; कर्षन्= while pulling, taking with him ; सः= he that रघु; हर जटा भ्रष्टां गङ्गाम्= from hara's [shiva's,] matted hair tufts, slithered, River ganga ; [कर्षन्= he who is taking with him] ; भगीरथः इव= bhagIratha, like ; बभौ= [ रघु] shone forth.

While leading a vast army towards eastern ocean रघु looked like king भगीरथ who once led River गन्ग towards eastern ocean when she descended onto earth from the matted tufts of shiva. [4-32]

The descent of ganga is vividly narrated in vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, bAla kANDa.

त्याजितैः फलमुत्खातैर्भग्नैश्च बहुधा नृपैः |
तस्यासीदुल्बणो मार्गः पादपैरिव दन्तिनः || 4-33

त्याजितैः फलम् उत्खातैः भग्नैः च बहुधा नृपैः तस्य आसीत् उल्बणः मार्गः पादपैः इव दन्तिनः

33 . फलम्= wealth ; त्याजितैः= who are made to give up ; उत् खातैः= uprooted from their kingdoms ; बहुधा भग्नैः च= in many ways, worsted, also ; नृपैः= by [such] kings] ; तस्य मार्गः= his [ रघु's,] path [of incursion] ; फलम् त्याजितैः= fruits, made to leaveoff ; उत् खातैः= uprooted ; बहुधा भग्नैः= in many ways, shattered ; पादपैः= with [such] trees ; दन्तिनः मार्गः इव= elephants, pathway, as if ; उल्बणः= clear - unimpeded ; आसीत्= it became.

रघु's way of incursion is rendered navigable as he manoeuvred the enemy kings in a variety of ways like making some of them to surrender their wealth, dethroning some or putting some more of them to rout, just like the pathway of a tusker will be rendered negotiable by that tusker in various ways like baring the trees of their fruits, shredding braches of some, or uprooting some more altogether. [4-33]

His way, like that of a mighty elephant cleared of trees which were plucked of their fruits, up-rooted and broken down in various ways, was clear (i.e. free from obstacles at the hands) of princes who were compelled to surrender their acquisitions, de throned and vanquished in various ways. N

पौरस्त्यानेवमाक्रामंस्तांस्ताञ्जनपदाञ्जयी |
प्राप तालीवनश्याममुपकण्ठं महोदधेः || 4-34

पौरस्त्यान् एवम् आक्रामन् तान् तान् जनपदाञ् जयी प्राप ताली वन श्यामम् उपकण्ठम् महा उदधेः

34 . जयी= victorious one - रघु; एवम्= in this way ; पौरस्त्यान्= पुरः [ओन् थे एअस्त्] भवाः पौरस्त्याः =[kingdoms] in eastern quarter ; तान् तान्= them, them - various ; जनपदाञ् आक्रामन्= countries, on invading ; ताली वन श्यामम्= with palm tree . groves, lushly ; महा उदधेः= of great, ocean ; उपकण्ठम्= उपगतः कण्ठः=whose neck is surged in - ocean jutting out into land cape, ness ; प्राप= he reached.

In this way that victorious रघु on invading various kingdoms situated in the eastern quarter reached a neck of the great eastern ocean lushly with thickets of palm-groves. [4-34]

अनम्राणां समुद्धर्तुस्तस्मात्सिन्धुरयादिव |
आत्मा संरक्षितः सुह्मैर्वृत्तिमाश्रित्य वैतसीम् || 4-35

अनम्राणां समुद्धर्तुः तस्मात् सिन्धु रयात् इव आत्मा संरक्षितः सुह्मैः वृत्तिम् आश्रित्य वैतसीम्

35 . अ+नम्राणां सम् उद् धर्तुः= not, head bowing - unyielding kings, who completely, roots out - who is an extirpator of unyielding enemies ; तस्मात्= from him, from रघु; सिन्धु रयात् इव= river's, from rush, as with ; सुह्मैः= kings of suhma province ; वैतसीम् वृत्तिम् आश्रित्य= cane-plant's, behaviour, taking recourse to ; आत्मा संरक्षितः= themselves, they protected.

As if saving themselves from the onrush of a torrential river the kings from सुह्म province saved themselves from extirpator of unyielding enemies रघु, by adopting the behaviour of a cane plant that lies low when the river tides high and stays high when the same river ebbs low . [4-35]

From him, extirpator of the unyielding, the सुह्म-s saved their lives by adopting the course of the cane plant, as if from the torrent of a river.

The 'वैतसी धर्म is lying low when the time or situation is against - बलीयसाभियुक्तो दुर्बलः सर्वत्र अनुप्रणतो वैतसम् धर्मम् आतिष्ठत् - कौटिल्य, or चाणक्य नीति. महा भारत शान्ति पर्व has many verses explaining this syndrome. The province called सुह्म is situated to the west of वन्ग. It is believed to have been named after the fourth son of emperor बलि. वल्लभ and सुमति explain सुह्म as ब्रह्मदेशीयैः राजाभिः.

वङ्गानुत्खाय तरसा नेता नौसाधनोद्यतान् |
निचखान जयस्तम्भान्गङ्गास्रोतोन्तरेषु सः || 4-36

वङ्गान् उत्खाय तरसा नेता नौ साधन उद्यतान् निचखान जय स्तम्भान् गङ्गा स्रोतः अन्तरेषु सः

36 . नेता= being a leader ; सः= he, that रघु; नौ साधन उद्यतान्= with boats, [and other fleet,] who have come up against ; वङ्गान्= [such] Vanga kings ; तरसा उत्खाय= with his might, on uprooting ; गङ्गा स्रोतः अन्तरेषु= Ganga's, streams, among - on the islands among the streams of River Ganga ; जय स्तम्भान्= victory, pillars ; निचखान= he staked.

With his own might that leader रघु vanquished the kings of वन्ग province who have come up against him with their fleets, and erected pillars of victory on the islands situated in the streams of River गन्ग. [4-36]

आपादपद्मप्रणताः कलमा इव ते रघुम् |
फलैः संवर्धयामासुरुत्खातप्रतिरोपिताः || 4-37

आ पाद पद्म प्रणताः कलमा इव ते रघुम् फलैः संवर्धयामासुः उत्खात प्रति रोपिताः

37 . आ+पाद पद्म= up to feet, lotus-like - who up to the lotus like feet [of रघु] ; प्रणताः= bowing reverently ; उत्खात= uprooted [rice stalks firstly removed from plantation / kings removed from thrones] ; प्रति रोपिताः= again made to ascend - rice stalks transplanted / kings reinstalled on thrones ; ते= those - kings of Vanga ; कलमा इव= [transplanted] rice plants, as with ; फलैः= with riches [riches in respect of king, rice grain in cobs in respect of transplanted rice stalks] ; रघुम्= to रघु; संवर्धयामासुः= made to enrich.

The kings of वन्ग reverently bowed very low at the lotus-like feet of रघु when he dethroned them, by which obeisance रघु reinstated them on their thrones, whereby those kings brought immense riches to रघु, just like the transplanted rice saplings that will be yielding much rice though firstly bending very low under the weight of their cobs to the level of the feet of their transplanter, namely the farmer. [4-37]

स तीर्त्वा कपिशां सैन्यैर्बद्धद्विरदसेतुभिः |
उत्कलादर्शितपथः कलिङ्गाभिमुखो ययौ || 4-38

सः तीर्त्वा कपिशां सैन्यैः बद्ध द्विरद सेतुभिः उत्कल अदर्शित पथः कलिङ्ग अभिमुखः ययौ

38 . सः= he that रघु; बद्ध= fixed together - made elephants like bridge ; द्विरद सेतुभिः= elephants', by bridge ; सैन्यैः= with army ; कपिशां तीर्त्वा= River kapisha, on crossing ; उत्कल अदर्शित पथः= by kings of utkala province, shown, route ; कलिङ्ग अभिमुखः ययौ= to kalinga province, towards, he travelled.

From वन्ग province रघु bent his course of दिग्-विजय-यात्र, conquestorial campaign on all quarters, to कलिन्ग province by the route shown by the kings of उत्कल province, after crossing River कपिश along with his army on a bridge made up by his elephants columned over that river.

स प्रतापं महेन्द्रस्य मूर्ध्नि तीक्ष्णं न्यवेशयत् |
अङ्कुशं द्विरदस्येव यन्ता गम्भीरवेदिनः || 4-39

स प्रतापं महेन्द्रस्य मूर्ध्नि तीक्ष्णं न्यवेशयत् अङ्कुशं द्विरदस्य इव यन्ता गम्भीर वेदिनः

39 . सः= he, रघु; महेन्द्रस्य मूर्ध्नि= of Mt . ंअहेन्द्र, on the head of - on the mountaintop; तीक्ष्णं प्रतापं= [his] dextrous, valour ; यन्ता= driver of an elephant ; गम्भीर वेदिनः= a class of elephant known as गम्भीर वेदि=गंभीरम् वेदितुम् शीलस्य - an elephant which is slow to understand, or to mind any goading from the driver ; द्वि रदस्य= of a twin, tusked one - of an elephant ; मूर्ध्नि= on its head ; तीक्ष्णं= very sharp ; अङ्कुशं इव= goad, as with ; न्यवेशयत्= 1] drove in, 2] established.

रघु valorously established his dextrous authority on the mountaintop of महेन्द्र in कलिन्ग province, just as an elephant-driver plunges his sharp goad in the head of a less-sensitive elephant belonging to गम्भीर वेदि breed, which will be sensationless even if its skin is cleaved or its flesh is cut with goad because of its over-pachydermatous nature. [4-39]

The simile is complete; since the mountain is insensible to the control established by the king raghu powerful just as an elephant is unmindful of the goading of the driver. - KMJ

प्रतिजग्राह कालिङ्गस्तमस्त्रैर्गजसाधनः |
पक्षच्छेदोद्यतं शक्रं शिलावर्षीव पर्वतः || 4-40

प्रति जग्राह कालिङ्गः तम् अस्त्रैः गज साधनः पक्ष च्छेद उद्यतं शक्रं शिला वर्षी इव पर्वतः

40 . गज साधनः= elephants, as paraphernalia - of war ; कालिङ्गः= king of kalinga - names of countries are always used in the plural in Sanskrit since they are taken from the inhabitants ; अस्त्रैः= with weapons - of king of Kalinga ; तम्= him, रघु; पक्ष च्छेद उद्यतं= wings, to shred, readied himself - one who readied himself to shred the wings of mountain - इन्द्र स्; शक्रं= इन्द्र स्; शिला वर्षी पर्वतः इव= stones, showering [pelting,[ mountain, as with ; प्रति जग्राह= received - hostilely.

The king of कलिन्ग whose battle paraphernalia is mainly elephants hostilely received रघु with weapons, just as the flying mountain had once pelted stones at इन्द्र स् who stood ready to shred the wings of that mountain. [4-40]

द्विषां विषह्य काकुत्स्थस्तत्र नाराचदुर्दिनम् |
सन्मङ्गलस्नात इव प्रतिपेदे जयश्रियम् || 4-41

द्विषां विषह्य काकुत्स्थः तत्र नाराच दुर्दिनम् सन्मङ्गल स्नात इव प्रतिपेदे जयश्रियम्

41 . काकुत्स्थः= ककुत्स्थ - रघु; तत्र= there - on mahendra mountain ; द्विषां= of enemies ; नाराच= steel arrows ; दुर् दिनम्= bad, day ; विषह्य= on tolerating - on tolerating a shower of steel arrows as one would tolerate a bad day ; सत् मङ्गल स्नातः इव= scripturally, auspicious, bath - one who has taken it ; जय श्रियम्= Victory, Lady of ; प्रतिपेदे= he gained, obtained.

On Mt. महेन्द्र रघु patiently tolerated the volley of steel arrows of his enemies, namely the कलिन्ग kings, and thus he appeared to have bathed in a shower before accepting what he has conquered, and thus he gained जय-श्री - the Lady of Victory - from the कलिन्ग kings. [4-41]

It is necessary for a conqueror to have the ceremonial bath before taking possession of the conquest. Here the poet makes the shower of steel darts do the duty of such a bath. दुर् दिन is a cloudy day but here, as the commentary says, by लक्षण it signifies 'a shower' the result of a cloudy day. - KMJ

ताम्बूलीनां दलैस्तत्र रचितापानभूमयः |
नारिकेलासवं योधाः शात्रवं च पपुर्यशः || 4-42

ताम्बूलीनां दलैः तत्र रचित अपान भूमयः नारिकेल आसवं योधाः शात्रवं च पपुः यशः

42 . तत्र= there - on Mt . महेन्द्र; योधाः= warriors - of रघु; रचित= crafting - arranging ; आ+पान भूमयः=पान योग्य प्रदेशाः=liquor drinking places for a drinking bout ; नारिकेल आसवं= coconut, liquor ; ताम्बूलीनां दलैः= with betel, leaves - impromptu cups of betel leaves ; पपुः= they drank ; शात्रवं= शत्रूणाम् इदम्=of enemies ; यशः= glory ; व= इव= like ; पपुः= they drank.

King रघु's soldiers have improvised lounge bars on Mt. महेन्द्र and they drank coconut liquor in improvised cups of betel leaves and in doing so they seemed to be quaffing off the glory of the enemy too. [4-42]

गृहीतप्रतिमुक्तस्य स धर्मविजयी नृपः |
श्रियं महेन्द्रनाथस्य जहार न तु मेदिनीम् || 4-43

गृहीत प्रतिमुक्तस्य सः धर्म विजयी नृपः श्रियं महेन्द्र नाथस्य जहार न तु मेदिनीम्

43 . धर्म विजयी=धर्मार्थम् विजयी इति= who conquered for the sake of principles ; सः नृपः= he, that king - रघु; गृहीत= captured ; प्रति-मुक्तस्य= again released ; महेन्द्र नाथस्य= Mahendra, of the lord of - of the king of Kalinga ; श्रियं= wealth ; जहार= took possession of ; मेदिनीम् तु= land - kingdom, but ; न जहार= not, expropriated.

King रघु who conquered kingdoms only for the sake of principles took possession of the wealth but not the territory of the ruler of महेन्द्र, the king of कलिन्ग, who is firstly captured but later set at liberty. [4-43]

A conqueror who just takes the wealth of conquered king duly reinstating him is - धर्म विजयि; one who takes away wealth, kingdom etc excepting the life of that conquered is लोभ विजयी; one who takes everything, and even kills that conquered one is असुर विजयी - वल्लभाचार्य.

ततो वेलातटेनैव फलवत्पूगमालिना |
अगस्त्याचरितामाशामनाशास्यजयो ययौ || 4-44

ततः वेला तटेन एव फलवत् पूगमालिना अगस्त्य आचरिताम् आशाम् अन्+आशास्य जयः [सन्] ययौ

44 . ततः= प्राची विजय अनन्तरम् - then, after conquering east ; वेला= shore covered by seawater at high tide [ velum, pl. vela=sail, sails - Latin ]; तटेन= by shore ; एव= only by it - proceeding by the seashore alone ; फलवत्= fruited ; पूग= areca plants ; मालिना= having such rows of plants ; अगस्त्य आचरिताम्= by sage अगस्त्य, resorted to - southern quarter ; आशाम्= direction - southern quarter ; अन्+आशास्य= not, sought - unsought ; जयः [सन्]=बेचोमिन्ग् सुच् विच्तोरिऔस्; ययौ= proceeded, marched onwards.

After conquering the eastern quarter, रघु, to whom victory came unsought marched on exactly along the eastern seacoast which is lined with areca plants laden with areca nuts towards the direction where sage अगस्त्य had once ambled, namely the southern direction. [4-44]

अन्+आशास्य जयः=to whom victory came unsought - मल्लिनाथ; चारित्र and सुमति explain it as 'a triumph over whom was not to be hoped for ; 'whose victories i.e., victories like whom, could never be expected by others.'

स सैन्यपरिभोगेण गजदानसुगन्धिना |
कावेरीं सरितां पत्युः शङ्कनीयामिवाकरोत् || 4-45

सः सैन्य परिभोगेण गज दान सुगन्धिना कावेरीं सरितां पत्युः शङ्कनीयाम् इव अकरोत्

45 . सः= he, रघु; गज दान सुगन्धिना= by elephants, given, fragrance - while elephants bathing in the river gave copious flow of ichor and its scent is mixed in riverwater ; सैन्य परि- भोगेण= when army, enjoying - river bath along with elephants ; कावेरीं= River कावेरि - is made to ; सरितां पत्युः= by rivers, husband - by ocean ; शङ्कनीयाम् इव अकरोत्= she who is a doubtable one, as though, [he that रघु,] made.

While he is advancing into south रघु's soldiers enjoyed taking bath in the river waters of River कावेरि along with their elephants, whereby the strong smell of ichor of elephants is imparted to the waters of that river, and thus रघु made that River कावेरि as though to become an object of suspicion as to her fidelity in the mind of her husband, namely the lord of ocean. [4-45]

बलैरध्युषितास्तस्य विजिगीषोर्गतध्वनः |
मारीचोद्भ्रान्तहारीता मलयाद्रेरुपत्यकाः || 4-46

बलैः अध्युषिता तस्य विजिगीषोः गत अध्वनः मारीच उद्भ्रान्त हारीताः मलय अद्रेः उपत्यकाः

46 . वि जिगीषोः= one who is eager to conquer ; गत अध्वनः= gone, is the road - a long road went underfoot - who travelled a long distance ; तस्य= his, रघु's ; बलैः= by his army ; मारीच= groves of black pepper ; उद् भ्रान्त= up, moving - flying high ; हारीताः= parrots ; मलय अद्रेः=ंअलय, मौन्तैन्'स्; उप त्यकाः= on slopes, hinterlands of Malaya ; अध्युषिताः= अधि उषिताः=one them, they stayed - preesided over - slopes of मलय became the halting grounds of his army after invasion.

On travelling a long distance the armies of the victory seeking रघु to south have selected the tracts at the foot of Mt. मलय as their halting grounds, where parrots are fluttering over black pepper groves. [4-46]

ससञ्जुरश्वक्षुण्णानमेलानामुत्पतिष्णवः |
तुल्यगन्धिषु मत्तेभकटेषु फलरेणवः || 4-47

ससञ्जुः अश्व क्षुण्णानम् एलानाम् उत् पतिष्णवः तुल्य गन्धिषु मत्तेभ कटेषु फल रेणवः

47 . अश्व क्षुण्णानम्= by horses, pounded with hooves while treading ; एलानाम्= of cardamom's ; उत् पतिष्णवः= up, falling - which have the property of flying by easily slipping away - seeds from the seed capsules of cardamoms ; फल रेणवः= fruits', [seeds'] particles of ; तुल्य गन्धिषु= having comparable, smell - temples of elephnats ; मत्त इभ कटेषु= infuriated, elephants, on temples ; ससञ्जुः= stuck, adhered.

The particles of cardamom seeds which have the property of easily flying when pounded are now pounded by the hooves of galloping horses of रघु, and that powder is uprising and sticking on the sweating temples of infuriated elephants that have a similar smell. [4-47]

भोगिवेष्टनमार्गेषु चन्दनानां समर्पितम् |
नास्रसत्करिणां ग्रैवं त्रिपदीच्छेदिनामपि || 4-48

भोगि वेष्टन मार्गेषु चन्दनानां समर्पितम् न अस्रसत् करिणां ग्रैवं त्रिपदी च्छेदिनाम् अपि

48 . चन्दनानां= of sandalwood trees ; भोगि= serpents ; वेष्टन= winding ; मार्गेषु= in paths - in the grooves - sarpa veSTana nimneSu=a little below the grooves made by winding serpents on the trunks of sandalwood trees ; समर्पितम्= given - tied headstalls of elephants ; त्रिपदी= pAda bandhanam iti=leg halters - shackles ; च्छेदिनाम्= breakers - elephants ; अपि= even though ; करिणां= of elephants' ; ग्रैवं= neck rope - headstalls ; न अस्रसत्= not, slipped off.

Even though the elephants possessed the power to break off their shackles, their headstalls have not slipped off now when tied to the trunks of sandalwood trees as the serpents wonted to loop around those trunks have made spiral striae on them. [4-48]

दिशि मन्दायते तेजो दक्षिणस्यां रवेरपि |
तस्यामेव रघोः पाण्ड्याः प्रतापं न विषेहिरे || 4-49

दिशि मन्दायते तेजः दक्षिणस्यां रवेः अपि तस्याम् एव रघोः पाण्ड्याः प्रतापं न विषेहिरे

49 . दक्षिणस्यां दिशि= in southern, quarter ; रवेः अपि तेजः= sun's, even, resplendence ; मन्दायते= becomes dim, sun's brightness becomes dim when he travels from north to south ; तस्याम् एव [दिशि]= in that, only, quarter; पाण्ड्याः= Pandya kings ; रघोः प्रतापं= raghu's, valour [valorous resplendence,] na = not ; विषेहिरे= 3rd plu . of the perfect of sah with vi=[not] endured; सूर्य विजयिनो अपि विजितवानित नायकस्य महोत्कर्षो गंयते.

Scared of southern पान्ड्य kings the sun looses his resplendence when he is in southern solstice, that being so, the valorous resplendence of रघु has now become more unendurable to those very kings of south. [4-49]

ताम्रपर्णीसमेतस्य मुक्तासारं महादधेः |
ते निपत्य ददुस्तस्मै यशः स्वमिव संचितम् || 4-50

ताम्रपर्णी समेतस्य मुक्ता सारं महा उदधेः ते निपत्य ददुः तस्मै यशः स्वम् इव संचितम्

50 . ते= they - pAnDya-s ; ताम्रपर्णी समेतस्य महा उदधेः= River ताम्रपर्णि, along with, of great ocean ; संचितम्= accumulated ; मुक्ता सारं= pearls, the select ones ; स्वम्= of their own [ संचितम्= accumulated] ; यशः इव= glory, as though ; तस्मै= to him ; नि पत्य= down, falling - falling at रघु's feet ; ददुः= they gave.

Prostrating themselves at the feet of रघु the पान्ड्य kings have presented finest pearls to him, which have been accumulated by the River ताम्रपर्णि and the great ocean at the mouth of that river, and in doing so the पान्ड्य kings have passed over, as it were, all of their accumulated glory to रघु. [4-50]

स निर्विश्य यथाकामं तटेष्वालीनचन्दनौ |
स्तनाविव दिशस्तस्याः शैलौ मलयदर्दुरौ || 4-51
असह्यविक्रमः सह्यं दूरान्मुक्तमुदन्वता |
नितम्बमिव मेदिन्याः स्रस्तांशुकमलङ्घयत् || 4-52

सः निर्विश्य यथा कामं तटेषु आलीनः चन्दनौ स्तनौ इव दिशः तस्याः शैलौ मलय दर्दुरौ अ+सह्य विक्रमः सह्यं दूरात् मुक्तम् उदन्वता नितम्बम् इव मेदिन्याः स्रस्त अंशुकम् अलङ्घयत्

51, 52 . अ+सह्य= not, endurable ; विक्रमः= whose valour is ; सः= he, such a रघु; तटेषु= on sides - mountain sides ; आलीनः चन्दनौ= having overgrown, sandalwood trees ; तस्याः दिशः= of that, quarter - of southern quarter; [ आलीनम् चन्दनौ=smeared over, sandal paste] ; स्तनौ इव= breasts, as with ; मलय दर्दुरौ शैलौ= Malaya, Dardura, on mountains ; यथा कामं= to his heart's content ; निर्विश्य= on sojourning ; उदन्वता= उदकानि सन्ति इति उदन्वान्= by ocean ; दूरात् मुक्तम्= distantly, released ; स्रस्त अंशुकम्= slipped, garment ; मेदिन्याः नितम्बम् इव= of earth, hip, like ; सह्यं= Sahya mountain ; अलङ्घयत्= came up to, reached. The two stanzas together form what is called a युग्म.

Enjoying heartily on the two mountains, namely Mt. मलय and Mt. दर्दुर, that are covered with sandalwood trees at their sides, as if they are the breasts of the lady called Southern Quarter covered with sandal paste at her sides, रघु whose valour is unendurable has scaled the सह्य-अद्रि mountain which looked like the denuded hip of the earth because she is divested of her garment, where that garment is the distantly receding ocean. [4-51, 52]

The earth is called समुद्र-वसना, समुद्र-अम्बर, अब्धि-वस्त्रा मेदिनी... meaning that ocean is earth's garment. Here, the ocean is pushed off from Mt. सह्य by the arrow of परशु-राम in earlier times; hence सह्य-अद्रि is denuded of her garment, viz. the sheet of ocean receded from her to a distant place.

तस्यानीकैर्विसर्पद्भिरपरान्तजयोद्यतैः |
रामास्त्रोत्सारितोऽप्यासीत्सह्यलग्न इवार्णवः || 4-53

तस्य अनीकैः विसर्पद्भिः अपरान्त जय उद्यतैः राम अस्त्र उत्सारित अपि आसीत् सह्य लग्न इव अर्णवः

53 . अपरान्त जय उद्यतैः= westward, to gain victory, which surged up - ready to invade ; विसर्पद्भिः= गच्छद्भिः=which is marching on, spread out ; तस्य= his - रघु's ; अनीकैः= अनीकम् तु रणे सैन्य - विश्व कोश=by armies ; अर्णवः= ocean ; राम अस्त्र उत्सारित अपि= by Parashurama's, arrow-missile, chased away, even though ; सह्य लग्न इव आसीत्= to Mt. sahya, [that ocean is] touching, as if, it [Mt. sahya] is.

When the vast army of रघु surging to gain victory on the western kingdoms spread around Mt. सह्याद्रि after conquering the eastern countries, it looked like the ocean which at one time receded distantly when chased by the missile of परशु-राम, but now reverted and spreading around that mountain. [4-53]

भयोत्सृष्टविभूषाणां तेन केरलयोषिताम् |
अलकेषु चमूरेणुश्चूर्णप्रतिनिधीकृतः || 4-54

भय उत्सृष्ट विभूषाणां तेन केरल योषिताम् अलकेषु चमू रेणुः चूर्ण प्रतिनिधी कृतः

54 . तेन= by him - by रघु - रघु became instrumental ; भय उत्सृष्ट विभूषाणां= by fear, those who discarded, personal decorations ; केरल योषिताम्= of Kerala, women ; अलकेषु= in [their] locks of curled hair ; चमू रेणुः= army's, dust - dust raised by army ; चूर्ण= कुंकुम आदि रजसः=कुक्ंकुम and the like hair-powder ; प्रतिनिधी= as a substitution, in place of ; कृतः= is made - is enriched; एतेन योषिताम् पलायनम् चमूनाम् तदनुधावनम् च ध्वन्यते.

When the womenfolk of केरल province are fleeing while discarding their personal ornaments and decorations owing to the scare caused by the onslaught of रघु, the reddish dust raised by the marching army of रघु is deposited on the locks of curled hair of those women in the place of reddish hair-powder like कुंकुम्, and रघु became instrumental for such an enrichment of their hairdos. [4-54]

मुरलामारुतोद्धूतमगमत्कैतकं रजः |
तद्योधवारबाणानामयत्नपटवासताम् || 4-55

मुरला मारुत उद्धूतम् अगमत् कैतकं रजः तत् योध वार बाणानाम् अयत्न पट वासताम्

55 . मुरला= River मुरल - काळि नदि on which sadAshivaghaD is situated, presently in south karnataka ; मारुत उद्धूतम्= by air [of Murala river,] upheaved, wafted ; कैतकं रजः= Ketaka flowers', dust - pollen ; तत्= that रघु's ; योध= for soldiers ; वार बाणानाम्= ka~Ncuka=for coats of arms ; अ+यत्न= not, tried for - fortuitous ; पट वासताम्= fragrant deodorant - used on cloths ; अगमत्= it [pollen of ketaki flower,] obtained, it became.

The air breezing on River मुरल wafted the pollen of केतकि flowers which served as a fortuitous deodorant for the coats of arms of the soldiers of रघु. [4-55]

अभ्यभूयत वाहानां चरतां गात्रशिञ्जितैः |
वर्मभिः पवनोद्धूतराजतालीवनध्वनिः || 4-56

अभ्यभूयत वाहानां चरतां गात्र शिञ्जितैः वर्मभिः पवन उद्धूत राज ताली वन ध्वनिः

56 . चरतां वाहानां= of moving, horses ; गात्र शिञ्जितैः= on [different] limbs, giving sounds - jangling ; वर्मभिः= generic term for armour, here it is for the accoutrements of war horses ; पवन उद्धूत= by wind, upheaved ; राज ताली= तालीनाम् राजानः=kingly - magnificent, palm trees ; वन= groves ; ध्वनिः= rustling sound - of palm groves ; अभ्यभूयत= तिरस्कृतः=outstripped.

When the war horses are on the move the jangle of accoutrements on their different limbs has outweighed the rustle of the groves of magnificent palm trees that are upheaved by wind. [4-56]

खर्जूरीस्कन्धनद्धानां मदोद्गारसुगन्धिषु |
कटेषु करिणां पेतुः पुंनागेभ्यः शिलीमुखाः || 4-57

खर्जूरी स्कन्ध नद्धानां मद उद्गार सुगन्धिषु कटेषु करिणां पेतुः पुंनागेभ्यः शिली मुखाः

57 . खर्जूरी स्कन्ध नद्धानां= of date-palm trees, at trunks, tied ; करिणां= of elephants ; मद उद्गार सुगन्धिषु कटेषु= ichor, oozing out, scented, on temples; पुंनागेभ्यः= from पुन्नग [Rottlera tinctoria] flowers ; शिली मुखाः= honeybees ; पेतुः= fallen, swarmed.

Leaving the highly fragrant पुन्नाग flowers honeybees swarmed on the temples, perfumed by the oozing ichor, of the elephants that are tethered to date-palm trees. [4-57]

It may here be noted that the date-palm, खर्जूर, is not found in the कोन्कन् - KMJ

अवकाशं किलोदन्वान् रामायाभ्यर्थितो ददौ |
अपरान्तमहीपालव्याजेन राघवे करम् || 4-58

अवकाशं किल उदन्वान् रामाय अभ्यर्थितः ददौ अपरान्त मही पाल व्याजेन राघवे करम्

58 . उदन्वान् अभ्यर्थितः [सन्]= ocean, when entreated; रामाय= for prash-rAma ; अवकाशं ददौ= some space - leeway, he [ocean] gave [by receding] ; किल= they say ; रघवे [तु ]=तो रघु, [बुत्]; अपर अन्त= at western ocean, in between ; मही पाल= land, lords - kings ; व्याजेन= on the pretext of - in the form of kings available in the provinces interspersed at western ocean - rather, sea of western kings ; करम्= cess, tribute ; ददौ= [ocean] gave.

At one time when परशु-राम entreated, they say, the western ocean gave a leeway to him by somewhat receding; but the same ocean now seems to have come forward when a sea of western kings have fretfully come forward to pay tribute to raghu. [4-58]

मत्तेभरदनोत्कीर्णव्यक्तविक्रमलक्षणम् |
त्रिकूटमेव तत्रोच्चैर्जयस्तम्भम्न् चकार सः || 4-59

मत्तेभ रदन उत्कीर्ण व्यक्त विक्रम लक्षणम् त्रिकूटम् एव तत्र उच्चैः जय स्तम्भं चकार सः

59 . तत्र= there ; मत्त इभ= by ruttish, elephants ; रदन उत्कीर्ण= by tusks, dents - dents made by tusks ; व्यक्त= made evident ; विक्रम लक्षणम्= valour's, hallmark ; त्रिकूटम् एव= Mt . ट्रिकूत, अलोने; सः= he, रघु; उच्चैः जय स्तम्भं= lofty, victory, tower of ; चकार= made.

Without building triumphal arches anew, रघु made Mt. त्रिकूत alone as his lofty tower of victory since his ruttish elephants made dents on the slopes of that mountain with their tusks which, in effect, are the evident hallmarks of his valour. [4-59]

पारसीकांस्ततो जेतुं प्रतस्थे स्थलवर्त्मना |
इन्द्रियाख्यानिव रिपूंस्तत्त्वज्ञानेन संयमी || 4-60

पारसीकां ततः जेतुं प्रतस्थे स्थल वर्त्मना इन्द्रियाख्यान् इव रिपूं तत्त्व ज्ञानेन संयमी

60 . ततः= then; [ सः= he, रघु] ; संयमी= yogi, one with controlled self ; तत्त्व ज्ञानेन= by divine, knowledge ; इन्द्रिय आख्यान् रिपूं इव= सेंसेस्, व्हिच् अरे सैद् अस्, एनेमिएस्, अस् विथ्; पारसीकां जेतुं= पारसीक kings, to conqueror ; स्थल वर्त्मना= by land, route - as opposed to jala vartmanA=water route - sail ; प्रतस्थे= [ रघु] proceeded.

रघु then proceeded by a land route to conquer the पारसीक kings just as a self-controlled yogi possessing divine knowledge proceeds to conquer his own enemies, called his own senses. [4-60]

These पारसीक kings are taken as inhabitants of ancient Persian countries. The commentator सुमतिविजय calls them - सिन्धु तट वासिनाः म्लेच्छ राजानः.

यवनीमुखपद्मानां सेहे मधुमदं न सः |
बालातपमिवाब्जानामकालजलदोदयः || 4-61

यवनी मुख पद्मानां सेहे मधु मदं न सः बाल आतपम् इव अब्ज आनाम् अ काल जलद उदयः

61 . सः= he that रघु; यवनी= of yavana females ; मुख पद्मानां= on faces, like lotuses - lotuses like faces ; मधु मदं= flush from drinks ; अ+ काल= un, timely ; जलद उदयः= cloud, arising ; अब्जानाम्= for lotuses ; बाल आतपम् इव= young, sun, as with ; न सेहे= not, tolerated, removed - the flushes of drink from the faces of Yavana females.

As to how an untimely cloud removes morning sunlight from the faces of just blooming lotuses, रघु has also removed the blooming flush of wine from the lotus-like faces of यवन women when he encountered their men. [4-61]

The यवनि-s spoken of by kAlidAsa seem to be of Persian and other races on the north-west of India. Viewing them to be Greek or Ionians is only too far-fetched. - KMJ

सङ्ग्रामस्तुमुलस्तस्य पाश्चात्यैरश्वसाधनैः |
शार्ङ्गकूजितविज्ञेयप्रतियोधे रजस्यभूत् || 4-62

सङ्ग्रामः तुमुलः तस्य पाश्चात्यैः अश्व साधनैः शार्ङ्ग कूजित विज्ञेय प्रति योधे रजसि अभूत्

62 . तस्य= his, to him ; अश्व साधनैः पाश्चात्यैः सह= cavalry, as instruments [as war paraphernalia,] westerners, with; shAr ङ्ग कूजित विज्ञेय प्रति योधे= by bows, sounded [twanged,] recognisable, counter, attackers; रजसि= in [massive] dust ; तुमुलः सङ्ग्रामः अभूत्= tumultuous, battle, occurred.

Then a tumultuous battle ensued between रघु and the westerners who possess cavalry as their war paraphernalia in a canopy of massive dust wherein the opposing warriors could recognise each other just by the nature of the twanging of their bows. [4-62]

The poet means to imply that the battle waged so furiously that the fighting men could hardly distinguish each other; secondly, to hint at the great superiority in archery on the part of रघु's soldiers who recognised their antagonists by the mere twanging of their bows. These westerners have - अश्व साधनानि - cavalry as their main battle paraphernalia; while वन्ग kings had - नौ साधनानि fleets of ships and boats, and कलिन्ग kings गज साधनानि - fleets of elephants. - KMJ

भल्लापवर्जितैस्तेषां शिरोभिः श्मश्रुलैर्महीम् |
तस्तार सरघाव्याप्तैः स क्षौद्रपटलैरिव || 4-63

भल्ल अपवर्जितैः तेषां शिरोभिः श्मश्रुलैः महीम् तस्तार सरघा व्याप्तैः सः क्षौद्र पटलैः इव

63 . सः= he that रघु; भल्ल= बाण विशेष= by spear like arrows ; अपवर्जितैः= severed ; श्मश्रुलैः= having beards ; तेषां शिरोभिः= with their, heads ; सरघा व्याप्तैः=विथ् होनेय्बेएस्, स्प्रेअदिन्ग् ओवेर्; क्षौद्र पटलैः इव= honeycombs, sheaves of, as if ; महीम् तस्तार= on ground, he spread.

रघु covered the ground with the bearded heads of westerners that are cut off with spear-like arrows, as if they are the sheaves of honeycombs swarming with bees. [4-63]

अपनीतशिरस्त्राणाः शेषास्तं शरणं ययुः |
प्रणिपातप्रतीकारः संरम्भो हि महात्मनाम् || 4-64

अपनीत शिरस्त्राणाः शेषाः तं शरणं ययुः प्रणिपात प्रतीकारः संरम्भः हि महात्मनाम्

64 . शेषाः= remaining - survivors ; अपनीत शिरस्त्राणाः= removing, helmets ; तं शरणं ययुः= him - रघु, for shelter, went to ; हि= certainly, isn't it ; महात्मनाम् संरम्भः= of magnanimous people, anger ; प्रणिपात प्रतीकारः= with submission, it is appeased; arthAnantara nyAsa ala.makAra.

And the survivors sought the protection of रघु on removing their helmets, and the anger of the generous will be readily appeased by submission, isn't it! [4-64]

विनयन्ते स्म तद्योधा मधुभिर्विजयश्रमम् |
आस्तीर्णाजिनरत्नासु द्राक्षावलयभूमिषु || 4-65
विनयन्ते स्म तत् योधा मधुभिः विजय श्रमम् आस्तीर्ण अजिन रत्नासु द्राक्ष आवलय भूमिषु

65 . तत् योधा= those, soldiers - of रघु; आस्तीर्ण अजिन रत्नासु= spread out, among antelope skins, best ones ; द्राक्ष वलय भूमिषु= grape, bowers, places - in the orchids of grapes ; मधुभिः= by means of wine ; विजय श्रमम्= victory, fatigue of ; विनयन्ते स्म= removed, they have.

रघु's soldiers removed their fatigue of victory by means of wine, while sitting on excellent antelope skins spread on the grounds of grape-orchards. [4-65]

ततः प्रतस्थे कौबेरीं भास्वानिव रघुर्दिशम् |
शरैरुस्रैरिवोदीच्यानुद्धरिष्यन् रसानिव || 4-66

ततः प्रतस्थे कौबेरीं भास्वान् इव रघुः दिशम् शरैः उस्रैः इव उदीच्यान् उद्धरिष्यन् रसान् इव

66 . ततः रघुः= then, रघु; भास्वान् इव= sun, as with ; शरैः=विथ् अर्रोव्स्; उस्रैः इव= with sunbeams, as with ; उदीच्यान्= kings in north ; रसान् इव उद्धरिष्यन्= water, as with, to squeeze them up ; कौबेरीं दिशम्= to Kubeara's, quarter - to northern side ; प्रतस्थे= proceeded.

As to how the sun squeezes water with his sharp arrows like sunrays in northern solstice, रघु proceeded to north to squeeze the kings of north with his sharp sunrays like arrows.

The idea is, just as sun travels northwards after he has reached the extreme southern point i.e., 23 1/2 S, so रघु travelled on northwards, after he had conquered the southern kings. - KMJ

विनीताध्वश्रमास्तस्य सिन्धुतीरविचेष्टनैः |
दुधुवुर्वाजिनः स्कन्धाँल्लग्नकुङ्कुमकेसरान् || 4-67

विनीत अध्व श्रमाः तस्य सिन्धु तीर विचेष्टनैः दुधुवुः वाजिनः स्कन्धान् लग्न कुङ्कुम केसरान्

67 . सिन्धु तीर= Sindhu River, on banks of ; विचेष्टनैः [विवेष्टनैः]=ब्य् रोल्लिन्ग् अबौत्; विनीत अध्व श्रमाः= those that have - removed, of road, fatigue - fatigue of the road is removed by horses by rolling on ground ; no horse of good pedigree removes its fatigue by sprawling on ground, but it removes it by rolling a few times on ground; तस्य वाजिनः= his, horses ; स्कन्धान् लग्न कुङ्कुम केसरान्= at shoulders, stuck, saffron, filaments ; दुधुवुः= they shook off.

रघु's horses having refreshed themselves by rolling on the banks of River सिन्धु shook off the filaments of saffron stuck on their shoulders. [4-67]

The river सिन्धु may not necessarily be the Indus but may be any other northern river according to the distance रघु may have gone in the interior of Persia. Mallinatha speaks of a river in Kashmir, why not Amoor or any other river. Mr. Kale remarks that the meaning will change according as the reading केशरान् or केसरान्. He takes केशरान् as specially meaning 'saffron filaments' and केसरान् as 'manes of horses'. Mallinatha does not seem to observe this distinction. Commentator ChAritravardhana's explanation appears cogent - काश्मीर देशे कुन्कुम क्षेत्र बाहुल्यात् तत्र विचेष्टन लोठनेन लग्न कुन्कुम केसरत्वम् युक्तम्. - KMJ

तत्र हूणावरोधानां भर्तृषु व्यक्तविक्रमम् |
कपोलपाटलादेशि बभूव रघुचेष्टितम् || 4-68

तत्र हूण अवरोधानां भर्तृषु व्यक्त विक्रमम् कपोल पाटल आदेशि बभूव रघु चेष्टितम्

68 . तत्र= there ; भर्तृषु= in respect of husbands ; व्यक्त विक्रमम्= made clear - index, of valour - of रघु; रघु चेष्टितम्= रघु, what he has done - his conducting a war ; हूण अवरोधानां= for Huna's, women of seraglio ; कपोल= on cheeks ; पाटल= red and white tinge ; आदेशि= ordered ; बभूव= [ रघु's action] became.

The cheeks of हुण women glowed with embarrassment by the action of रघु in waging war with their husbands and that flush itself appeared as an index to रघु स् valour. [4-68]

काम्बोजाः समरे सोढुं तस्य वीर्यमनीश्वराः |
गजालानपरिक्लिष्टैरक्षोटैः सार्धमानताः || 4-69

काम्बोजाः समरे सोढुं तस्य वीर्यम् अनीश्वराः गज अलान परिक्लिष्टैः अक्षोटैः सार्धम् आनताः

69 . काम्बोजाः= KAmboja kings ; समरे= in war ; तस्य वीर्यम् सोढुं= his, valour, to contain ; अनीश्वराः= not capable of ; गज अलान परिक्लिष्टैः= elephants, halters, troubled by ; अक्षोटैः= with walnut trees ; ओर् अंकोलैः; सार्धम्= along witjh ; आनताः= bent down; 1] the trees bent down when elephants pulled and pushed theirv halters tied to those trees; 2] the kAmboja-s too bent down in token of their submission like the bending trees; sahokti.

Along with the walnut trees that are bending their treetops unable to withstand the pull and push of elephants tied to them with halters, the kings of काम्बोज too bent their heads down before रघु in token of their submission unable to withstand his bravery in battle. [4-69]

तेषां सदश्वभूयिष्ठास्तुङ्गा द्रविणराशयः |
उपदा विविशुः शश्वन्नोत्सेकाः कोसलेश्वरम् || 4-70

तेषां सत् अश्व भूयिष्ठाः तुङ्गा द्रविण राशयः उपदाः विविशुः शश्वत् न उत्सेकाः कोसल ईश्वरम्

70 . तेषां= their - of Kamboja kings ; सत् अश्व= best, horses ; भूयिष्ठाः= huge, numerous ; तुङ्गा द्रविण राशयः= very large, gold coins, heaps of ; उपदाः= as gifts ; कोसल ईश्वरम्= to Kosala, lord of - to रघु; शश्वत्= for many times ; विविशुः= reached ; न उत्सेकाः= [but] not, pride.

Large heaps of gold together with numerous thorough bred horses constantly reached the lord of कोसल kingdom namely रघु, from those काम्बोज kings, but pride never came near him. [4-70]

ततो गौरीगुरुं शैलमारुरोहाश्वसाधनः |
वर्धयन्निव तत्कूटानुद्धूतैर्धातुरेणुभिः || 4-71

ततः गौरी गुरुं शैलम् आरुरोह अश्व साधनः वर्धयन् इव तत् कूटान् उद्धूतैः धातु रेणुभिः

71 . ततः= then ; अश्व साधनः= one who has - horses, as main mode of operation ; गौरी गुरुं शैलम्=गौरि'स्, फ़थेर्, ःइमलय मौन्तैन्; उद्धूतैः धातु रेणुभिः= with upheaved, mineral, dust ; तत् कूटान् =its, mountain peaks; वर्धयन् इव= increasing [height,] as if ; आरुरोह= ascended.

Then रघु ascended the Himalayan mountain, the father of गौरि, or पारवति, using cavalry as main mode of operation, and in doing so the dust raised by the hooves of horses from the minerals of mountain soared high by which रघु appeared to have heightened Himalaya mountain. [4-71]

शशंस तुल्यसत्त्वानां सैन्यघोषेऽप्यसंभ्रमम् |
गुहाशयानां सिंहानां परिवृत्यावलोकितम् || 4-72

शशंस तुल्य सत्त्वानां सैन्य घोषे अपि असंभ्रमम् गुहा शयानां सिंहानां परिवृत्य अवलोकितम्

72 . तुल्य सत्त्वानां= equal [of army,] in courage ; गुहा शयानां सिंहानां= in caves, lying at length, of lions ; परिवृत्य अवलोकितम्= with turned faces, seeing ; सैन्य घोषे अपि= army, with tumultuous noise, even if ; अ+संभ्रमम्= un, perturbed ; शशंस= indicated; न हि सम बलम् सम बलाद् भिभेति इति भावः.

Even if the army's noise is tumultuous, lions lying at length in caves gazed at the army from their prone position with their half-raised necks at that army which indicated the perfect indifference of reposing lions towards that army because they are equal to it in their courage. [4-72]

Commentators चारित्रवर्धन, दिनकर and वल्लभ explain this verse with a little difference - रघु applauded the fearless gaze of the lions, sleeping in the caves, which sleep they cast off on hearing the noise created by the marching of the enemy.' - KMJ

भूर्जेषु मर्मरीभूताः कीचकध्वनिहेतवः |
गङ्गाशीकरिणो मार्गे मरुतस्तं सिषेविरे || 4-73

भूर्जेषु मर्मरीभूताः कीचक ध्वनि हेतवः गङ्गा शीकरिणः मार्गे मरुतः तं सिषेविरे

73 . भूर्जेषु मर्मरीभूताः= among birch tree leaves, that are causing murmuring rustle - indicative of softness ; कीचक ध्वनि हेतवः= bamboos, sounds, cause of - which is the cause for the fluting sound in bamboo trees - namely the breeze - indicative of melodiousness ; गङ्गा शीकरिणः= with ganga's, cool with sprays - indicative of coolness ; मरुतः= [such a] breeze ; मार्गे= on the way ; तं सिषेविरे= him - रघु, [breeze] adored him.

The soft breeze causing murmuring rustle in the leavers of birch trees and melodious sounds in bamboo trees, and surcharged with the coolness of the sprays of River ganga has adored रघु on his way. [4-73]

विशश्रमुर्नमेरूणां छायास्वध्यास्य सैनिकाः |
दृषदो वासितोत्सङ्गा निषण्णमृगनाभिभिः || 4-74

विशश्रमुः नमेरूणां छायासु अध्यास्य सैनिकाः दृषदः वासित उत्सङ्गा निषण्ण मृग नाभिभिः

74 . सैनिकाः= soldiers ; नमेरूणां= of Nameru trees ; छायासु= in the shades of ; निषण्ण= thoses that sat [previously, nemly the musk deer] ; मृग नाभिभिः= with deer's, musk ; वासित= fragranced ; उत्सङ्गाः= lit . थे लप् - थे लप् ओफ़् स्तोनेस्, [सय् ओन् थे सुर्फ़चेस् ओफ़् स्लब्स्]; दृषदः= of slabs ; अध्यास्य= on sitting upon ; विशश्रमुः= took rest.

The soldiers of रघु took rest under नमेरु trees using slabs as their resting beds which were fragranced with the musk of the musk deer when that deer previously sat on those slabs. [4-74]

The musk deer are supposed to impart the fragrance of the musk from their navels to the spots, here stones, where they happen to sit. - KMJ

सरलासक्तमातङ्गग्रैवेयस्फुरितत्विषः |
आसन्नोषधयो नेतुर्नक्तमस्नेहदीपिकाः || 4-75

सरला सक्त मातङ्ग ग्रैवेय स्फुरित त्विषः आसन् ओषधयः नेतुः नक्तम् अ+स्नेह दीपिकाः

75 . सरला= to deodar trees ; सक्त= attached, tied ; मातङ्ग ग्रैवेय= elephants', neck chains - halters ; स्फुरित= reflected, flambeaus ; त्विषः= having light, glistening ; ओषधयः= herbs ; नक्तम्= in night ; नेतुः= to the leader, रघु; अ+स्नेह दीपिकाः= without, oil, lamps ; आसन्= they became.

The phosphorescent herbs whose light is reflected on the neck-chains of elephants tied to the deodar trees served this leader रघु as flambeaus without oil during night. [4-75]

तस्योत्सृष्टनिवासेषु कण्ठरज्जुक्षतत्वचः |
गजवर्ष्म किरातेभ्यः शशंसुर्देवदारवः || 4-76

तस्य उत्सृष्ट निवासेषु कण्ठ रज्जु क्षत त्वचः गज वर्ष्म किरातेभ्यः शशंसुः देवदारवः

76 . तस्य= रघु's ; उत्सृष्ट निवासेषु= at left off, sojourn places ; कण्ठ रज्जु= by neck, ropes - of elephants ; क्षत त्वचः= bruised, skin - markings, made on barks ; देवदारवः= deodar trees ; गज वर्ष्म= elephants', proportion - in size, height ; किरातेभ्यः शशंसुः= to tribal hunters, [trees] have informed - indicated.

The deodar trees available at the places where रघु halted and left indicated the height of elephants to the tribal hunters by way of bruises on their barks where the elephants were tied with neck ropes. [4-76]

तत्र जन्यं रघोर्घोरं पर्वतीयैर्गणैरभूत् |
नाराचक्षेपणीयाश्मनिष्पेषोत्पतितानलम् || 4-77

तत्र जन्यं रघोः घोरं पर्वतीयैः गणैः अभूत् नाराच क्षेपणीय अश्म निष्पेष उत्पतित अनलम्

77 . तत्र= there on Himalayas ; रघोः= of रघु; पर्वतीयैः= parvate bhavAH=born on mountains, mountaineers ; गणैः= with such - tribes - namely utsava sanketa gaNAH - as said in Bharata ; नाराच= with iron arrows ; क्षेपणीय अश्म= shkepaNIyAH ca ashmanaH ca=stones of a size suited to be thrown from contrivances like catapults ; निष्पेष= by conflict ; उत्पतित अनलम्= sprang up, fire - resulting in such fire ; घोरं जन्यं अभूत्= deadly, conflict, occurred.

There occurred a deadly conflict between रघु and the hill tribes in which fire flashed forth between the conflicting iron arrows and stone thrown from catapults. [4-77]

शरैरुत्सवसंकेतांस कृत्वा विरतोत्सवान् |
जयोदाहरणं बाह्वोर्गापयामास किंनरान् || 4-78

शरैः उत्सवसंकेतान् सः कृत्वा विरत उत्सवान् जय उदाहरणं बाह्वोः गापयामास किंनरान्

78 . सः= he that रघु; शरैः= with arrows ; उत्सवसंकेतान्= utsavasanketa named hill tribes ; विरत उत्सवान्= disinterested, in festivities ; कृत्वा= on making - made hill tribes to surcease from their festivities ; किंनरान्= kinnara-s ; बाह्वोः= of his hands - of the victory won by the dint of his right arm ; जय उदाहरणं= song proclaiming his victory ; गापयामास= made to sing.

रघु made the hill tribes called उत्सव-सन्केत-s spiritless by bringing their festivities to an end by his arrows, and thereby caused the किन्नर-s to sing forth the glories achieved by the dint of his arms. [4-78]

परस्परेण विज्ञातस्तेषूपायनपाणिषु |
राज्ञा हिमवतः सारो राज्ञः सारो हिमाद्रिणा || 4-79
परस्परेण विज्ञातः तेषु उपायन पाणिषु राज्ञा हिमवतः सारः राज्ञः सारः हिम अद्रिणा

79 . तेषु= in their - in the hands of hill tribes ; उपायन पाणिषु= presents, [holding] in hand ; परस्परेण= pareNa pareNa= mutually, by each other - रघु and Himavanta ; राज्ञा= by king रघु; हिमवतः सारः विज्ञातः = Himavanta's, richness, is known; हिम अद्रिणा= by snow, mountain - Himavanta ; राज्ञः सारः विज्ञातः= king's [ रघु's,] power, is known.

On the approach of those hill tribes with presents in their hands, the king रघु became cognisant of the wealth possessed by Himalayas, and Mt. Himalayas became cognisant of the power possessed by रघु, in a mutual manner. [4-79]

तत्राक्षोभ्यं यशोराशिं निवेश्यावरुरोह सः |
पौलस्त्यतुलितस्याद्रेरादधान इव ह्रियम् || 4-80

तत्र अक्षोभ्यं यशो राशिं निवेश्य अवरुरोह सः पौलस्त्य तुलितस्य अद्रेः आदधान इव ह्रियम्

80 . सः= he रघु; तत्र= there - there on Himalayas only ; अ+क्षोभ्यं= not, movable, unshakable ; यशो राशिं= his renown, heap of ; निवेश्य= kept - left it there on Himalayas ; पौलस्त्य= by Ravana ; तुलितस्य= balanced - balanced in hands when Ravana tried to lift it ; अद्रेः= to such a mountain - Mt . कैलश्; ह्रियम् आदधान इव= embarrassment, bringing [to that mountain,] as if ; अवरुरोह= descended; कैलासम् अगत्यैव प्रतिनिवृत्त इत्यर्थः; न हि शूराः परेण पराजितम् अभियुङ्जिरन्न् इति भावः.

On establishing his unshakeable renown on Himalayas रघु descended those mountains without ascending Mt. कैलश्, by which Mt. कैलश् felt embarrassed because he slightingly moved away from that mountain as if it is a good-for-nothing mountain once shaken by रावण vis- -vis his unshakable prestige.

चकंपे तीर्णलौहित्ये तस्मिन्प्राग्ज्योतिषेश्वरः |
तद्गजालानतां प्राप्तैः सह कालागुरुद्रुमैः || 4-81

चकंपे तीर्ण लौहित्ये तस्मिन् प्राग्ज्योतिष ईश्वरः तत् गज अलानतां प्राप्तैः सह काल अगुरु द्रुमैः

81 . तस्मिन्= he ; तीर्ण= crossed ; लौहित्ये= लौहित्य river ; प्राग्ज्योतिष ईश्वरः= प्राक्- ज्योथिश, lord of ; तत्= that - रघु's ; गज अलानतां= elephants, neck ropes; प्राप्तैः= that have obtained - the neck ropes tied on their trunks ; काल अगुरु द्रुमैः= of black, aloe, trees ; सह= along with ; चकंपे= trembled.

On रघु's crossing the लौहित्य river the king of प्राग्ज्योतिश trembled at heart at the approach of such a powerful warrior, along with the back aloe trees that are seesawed by रघु's elephants when tied to them.

लौहित्य is the name of that part of the ब्रह्मपुत्र river which flows in upper Assam, and this is mentioned in कालिक putANa. And the kingdom प्राग्ज्योतिश is identified with eastern most part of India comprising W. Bhutan and E. Assam.

न प्रसेहे स रुद्धार्कमधारावर्षदुर्दिनम् |
रथवर्त्मरजोऽप्यस्य कुत एव पताकिनीम् || 4-82

न प्रसेहे स रुद्ध अर्कम् अ+धारा वर्ष दुर्दिनम् रथ वर्त्म रजः अपि अस्य कुत एव पताकिनीम्

82 . सः= he that king of PrAgjyotisha ; रुद्ध अर्कम्= which has obstructed, sun ; अ+धारा वर्ष= without, torrents, showers ; दुर्दिनम्= lit. a bad day - cloud covered day; अस्य= his - रघु's ; रथ वर्त्म रजः अपि= chariots, on tracks, dust, even - dust raised by the wheels of chariots coming in their tracks ; न प्रसेहे= not, endured ; पताकिनीम् कुत एव सेहे= bannered army, wherefrom, he endures.

The king of प्राग्ज्योतिश could not bear the dust raised by the chariots of रघु that shrouded the sun and made the day gloomy as if overcast with clouds without any shower: whence then could that king endure रघु's bannered force itself. [4-82]

तमीशः कामरूपाणामत्याखण्डलविक्रमम् |
भेजे भिन्नकटैर्नागैरन्यानुपरुरोध यैः || 4-83

तम् ईशः कामरूपाणाम् अत्याखण्डल विक्रमम् भेजे भिन्न कटैः नागैः अन्यान् उपरुरोध यैः

83 . कामरूपाणाम् ईशः= कामरूप'स्, lord - Assam's king ; भिन्न कटैः= with cloven, temples ; यैः= by which ; अन्यान्= other - kings than रघु; उपरुरोध= stalled ; तैः नागैः= by those, elephants ; अत्याखण्डल विक्रमम्= who excelled इन्द्र स्, in valour ; तम्=हिम् - रघु; भेजे= [king of Assam] paid homage.

The king of कामरूप paid homage to रघु, whose valour is superior to that of इन्द्र स्, and presented him with elephants, which have cloven temples, and with which that king had once forestalled other invaders. [4-83]

कामरूपेश्वरस्तस्य हेमपीठाधिदेवताम् |
रत्नपुष्पोपहारेण छायमानर्च पादयोः || 4-84

कामरूप ईश्वरः तस्य हेम पीठ अधि देवताम् रत्न पुष्प उपहारेण छायम् आनर्च पादयोः

84 . कामरूप ईश्वरः= कामरूप, king of ; हेम पीठ अधि देवताम्= on golden, throne, placed presiding, deity raghu s feet as deity ; तस्य पादयोः छायम्= his, feet's, splendour ; रत्न पुष्प= with gems [called,] flowers ; उपहारेण= with such tributes ; आनर्च= adored.

The king of कामरूप worshipped the feet of रघु placed on a golden footstool, looking up to those feet as a presiding deity placed upon a throne spreading an orb of lustre around it, by offering precious stones for flowers to that deity-like feet. [4-84]

इति जित्वा दिशो जिष्णुर्न्यवर्तत रथोद्धतम् |
रजो विश्रामयन्राज्ञां छत्रशून्येषु मौलिषु || 4-85

इति जित्वा दिशः जिष्णुः न्यवर्तत रथ उद्धतम् रजः विश्रामयन् राज्ञां छत्र शून्येषु मौलिषु

85 . जिष्णुः= ever conquering one रघु; इति दिशः जित्वा= in this way, quarters, on conquering ; रथ उद्धतम् रजः= by chariots, raised, dust ; छत्र शून्येषु= parasols, destitute of - defeatedckings cannot have parasols of their own ; राज्ञां मौलिषु= on kings, on crowns ; विश्रामयन्= while settling [the dust] ; न्यवर्तत= returned.

In this way on conquering all the quarters that ever-conquering रघु returned to his kingdom after causing the dust raised by his chariot to settle on the crowns of kings which are now destitute of parasols. [4-85]

स विश्वजितमाजह्रे यज्ञं सर्वस्वदक्षिणम् |
आदानं हि विसर्गाय सतां वारिमुचामिव || 4-86

सः विश्वजितम् आजह्रे यज्ञं सर्व स्व दक्षिणम् आदानं हि विसर्गाय सतां वारि मुचाम् इव

86 . सः= he रघु; सर्वस्व दक्षिणम्= all of his [wealth,] as donation - in a sacrifice all of ones own wealth is to be donated - विश्वजित् सर्व दक्षिणा - shruti ; विश्वजितम् यज्ञं=such a vishvajit named, Vedic-ritual; आजह्रे= he conducted ; हि= indeed ; सतां= for magnanimous ; वारि मुचाम् इव= water, releasers, as with - like clouds ; आदानं विसर्गाय= acquiring, is for distribution.

रघु then performed a Vedic-ritual called विश्वजित्, in which everything is to be given away as ritual donation, because whatever the magnanimous acquire is indeed for distribution, like clouds cumulating water only to release it. [4-86]

Up to here the verses are composed in अनुष्ठुभ् चन्दस्. Last two verses are in the metre called प्रहर्षिणी - म्नौ ज्रौ ग स्त्रि दश यतिः प्रहर्षिणीम्.

सत्रान्ते सचिवसखः पुरस्क्रियाभि-
र्गुर्वीभिः शमितपराजयव्यलीकान् |
काकुत्स्थश्चिरविरहोत्सुकावरोधान्
राजन्यान् स्वपुरनिवृत्तयेऽनुमेने || 4-87

सत्र अन्ते सचिव सखः पुरस् क्रियाभिः गुर्वीभिः शमित पराजय व्यलीकान् काकुत्स्थः चिर विरह उत्सुक अवरोधान् राजन्यान् स्व पुर निवृत्तये अनुमेने

87 . काकुत्स्थः= रघु; सत्र अन्ते= Vedic-ritual, at the end of ; सचिव सखः= ministers, his becoming friendly with them on consulting friends like ministers ; गुर्वीभिः पुरस्-क्रियाभिः= with great, honours conferring on defeated kings ; शमित पराजय व्यलीकान्= appeased, by defeat, sadness - those who are saddened by their defeat have now become appeased ; चिर विरह उत्सुक= long time, by separation, enthusiastic - to meet again; अवरोधान्= those having such seraglios quens in palace-chambers ; राजन्यान्= to such - kings ; स्व पुर निवृत्तये अनुमेने= ones own, cities, to return, gave permission.

At the conclusion of विश्वजित् Vedic-ritual, रघु, on consulting his friends like ministers allayed the sense shame of the defeated kings who have now come as guests to witness the Vedic ritual, and on conferred great honours on them slaking their discordance bade adieu to return to their capitals where their queens are uneasy at their prolonged separation. [4-87]

ते रेखाध्वजकुलिशातपत्रचिह्नं
सम्राजश्चरणयुगं प्रसादलभ्यम् |
प्रस्थानप्रणतिभिरङ्गुलीषु चक्रु-
र्मौलिस्रक्च्युतमकरन्दरेणुगौरम् || 4-88

ते रेखा ध्वज कुलिश आतपत्र चिह्नं सम्राजः चरण युगं प्रसाद लभ्यम् प्रस्थान प्रणतिभिः अङ्गुलीषु चक्रुः मौलि स्रक् च्युत मकरन्द रेणु गौरम्

88 . ते= those [returning] kings ; रेखा= lines - on palms or on souls of feet ; ध्वज कुलिश आतपत्र= flag, disc, parasol ; चिह्नं= as marks ; सम्राजः= universal emperor ; प्रसाद लभ्यम्= by [his benignity alone,] attainable - feet of रघु; चरण युगं= feet, pair of ; प्रस्थान प्रणतिभिः= at departure, with salutations ; अङ्गुलीषु= on fingers - toes of feet ; मौलि= of heads ; स्रक्= garlands ; च्युत= slipped ; मकरन्द= nectar ; रेणु= pollen ; गौरम्= white ; चक्रुः= they made.

At the time of their departure those kings bowed at the feet of रघु with salutations, which pair of feet of an emperor attainable only through the benignity of that emperor and which bore vaticinal lines resembling flag, parasol and a disc worthy for an emperor, and while they kowtowed those kings have brightened those feet with the pollen and nectar dribbled from the garlands decorated on their crowns onto the toes of रघु. [4-88]

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इति महाकवि कालिदास कृतौ रघुवंशे महाकाव्ये चतुर्थः सर्गः

Thus this is 4th chapter in kAlidAsa 's raghuvamsham, the outstanding epic-poem of India

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abbreviations, words used - explained

• Gopala Raghunath Nandargikar, 1897 GRN, or N

• Krishnarao Mahadeva Joglekar, 1916 - KMJ, or simply J

उपम is roughly said as metaphor, transferred epithet, or condensed simile, or expanded simile, or whatever, but not stabilised, as with अतिशयोक्ति and उत्प्रेक्ष both made to fall under the category of a hyperbole.

• u.mA o : उपमान - comparable object; or the object itself.

• u.me oc : उपमेय - object compared.
  

• sA.dha c: साधारण धर्म: commonality in sharing attributes.
  

• sA. vA cw: साधरण वाचक: coupula, conjunctional word used.
  

• anu.dha uq : अनुगामि धर्म : underlying quality of factors.
  

• बिम्ब ओम्: object to be mirrored.
  

• प्रति-बिम्ब मो: reflected object with mirror symmetry, mirrored object.
  

• श्लेष innuendo: lexically mixing, imbibed in; better we use this innuendo=2 a remark with a double meaning, usu. suggestive; till pundits object.

• ज़ेउग्म : a figure of speech using a verb or adjective with two nouns, to one of which it is strictly applicable while the word appropriate to the other is not used (e.g. with weeping eyes and [sc. grieving] hearts).

• syllepsis : a figure of speech in which a word is applied to two others in different senses (e.g. caught the train and a bad cold) or to two others of which it grammatically suits one only (e.g. neither they nor it is working) - but not innuendo, or double meaning.

• अतिशयोक्ति- hybo: hyperbole.

• उत्प्रेक्ष - mglq: magniloqui, gasconade.

Out of many mind-boggling Sanskrit poetics, उपम is one, and only 23 of its shades are presented here as illustration. Please construe that hero is telling them to his heroine.

• 1] चन्द्र इव मुखम् मनोज्ञम्=Like moon your face is heart-pleasing - उपम अलन्कार.

• 2] चन्द्र इव मुखम् मुखम् इव चन्द्रः - That moon is like your face, and your face is like that moon - उपमेय उपमा अलन्कार.

• 3] मुखम् इव मुखम्=face is face - अनन्वय अलन्कार.

• 4] मुखम् इव चन्द्रः - moon is like your face - प्रतीप अलन्कार

• 5] चन्द्रम् दृष्ट्वा मुखम् स्मरामि - on seeing I reminisce your face - स्मरण अलन्कार

• 6] मुखम् एव चन्द्रः - your face is moon alone - रूपक अलन्कार

• 7] मुख चन्द्रेण तापः शामयति - on seeing moonlike face of yours, fervidity is lessening - परिणाम अलन्कार

• 8] किम् इदम् मुखम्? उत अहो! चन्द्रः - is this your face or that moon? - सन्देह अलन्कार.

• 9] चन्द्र इति चकोराः त्वत् मुखम् अनुधावन्ति - thinking your face is moon songbirds are after it - भ्रान्तिमत् अलन्कार

• 10] चन्द्र इति चकोराः, कमल इति भ्रमराः त्वत् मुखे रञ्जन्ति - thinking your face to be moon, songbirds and bees [wish to take] delight in it.

• 11] चम्द्रो अयम्, न मुखम् - this is moon, but not a face - अपह्नव

• 12] इदम् नूनम् चन्द्रः - this is definitely the moon - उत्प्रेक्ष

• 13] चन्द्रो अयम् भूपतिः - this king is the moon - अतिशयोक्ति

• 14] मुखेन चन्द्र कमले निर्जिते - moon or lotus is conquered by your face - तुल्य योगिता अलन्कार

• 15] निशि चन्द्रः त्वत् मुखम् च हृष्यति - night's moon delights your face - दीपक अलन्कार

• 16] त्वत् मुख एव अहम् रज्यामि, चन्द्र एव चकोरो रज्यते - I take delight in your face, while songbirds take delight in that moon - प्रति वस्तु उपम

• 17] दिवि चन्द्रो यथा, भुवि तथा त्वत् मुखम् भाति - as to how the moon shines in the sky, thus your face shines forth on the earth - दृष्टान्त अलन्कार

• 18] मुखम् चन्द्र श्रियम् भिभर्ति - your face is bearing the shine of that moon - निदर्शन अलन्कार

• 19] निष्कलन्कम् मुखम् चन्द्रात् अतिरिच्यते - immaculate face of yours is surpassing that moon - व्यतिरेक अलन्कार

• 20] त्वत् मुखेव सह निशासु चन्द्रो हृष्यति - along with your face, moon is also delightful in nights - सह उक्ति अलन्कार

• 21] मुखम् नेत्र अंक रुचिरम्, स्मित ज्योस्त्नो उपशोभितम् - your face is delightful with eyes called its embellishments, and with moonshine like smiles - समास उक्ति अलन्कार

• 22] अब्जेन त्वत् मुखम् तुल्यम् हरिणा हितसक्तिना - your face vies with moon who has a deer in him, [or, your face vies with rising sun with lotus...] अभन्ग सभन्ग श्लेष अलन्कार

• 23] मुखस्य पुइरतः चन्द्रो निष्प्रभः - before your face moon is loosing his shine अ प्रस्तुत प्रशंश.